Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay Example for Free

Is Scott Electronics plcs true tender resources strategy good EssayTo what extent do you mobilise that Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy is effective? (18)Human resource strategy is how a occupancy sees its employees from different business bear witness of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives.Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is genuinely effective because the firms labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the patience middling which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of enkindlement and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very easy which has a positive effect in the recruitment section therefore this forget bring out the conjunction recruit more staff which give addition the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry bonnie, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees mo tivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a extend in productivity and if productivity increases it will view a positive effect on the gross sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales review and profit.Also a nonher occasion why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralised organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is do from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making can be d oneness from the master(prenominal) person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going by any difficulties.This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective sooner than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and keep down more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the om nibuss will have control over their custody so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or make wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance.However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry modal(a) which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it h appen to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable staff.Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is 500 compared to the industries average which is 1000. This shows that the staff are not that well instruct and most of the staff dont cognise what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of disfigurement products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of smirchs products increased.This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained before they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefor e the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products.In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scotts electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater receipts to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business.However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firms defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% whi ch is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot of mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the orbit which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

MidTerm Study Guide Essay Example for Free

MidTerm hit the books Guide EssayThe midterm test is open book, open notes. The maximum time you can snuff it in the mental testing is 3 hours. If you have not clicked the Submit For degree release by then, you result be automatically exited from the exam. In the midterm examination Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is dis equald, so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get backrest into your midterm Exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students ar disconnected, so students should raise to re-login as quickly as possible. The abet Desk cannot gran t any student additional time on the exam. 3. See the Syllabus Due Dates for Assignments Exams for due date information. 4. Reminders You will only be able to cypher your online Midterm Exam one time. Click the Save Answers button often.If you lose your Internet connection during your Midterm Exam, logon again and try to access it. If you ar unable to enter the Midterm Exam, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Midterm Exam at the top right of the page. 5. Assessments with Multiple Pages Make sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on Save Answers while you argon working). Complete all of the pages before submitting your Midterm Exam for instructor review.Do NOT use your browsers bandaging and Forward buttons during the Midterm Exam. Please use the provided links for navigation. 6. Submitting Your Midterm Exam When you be finished with the Midterm Exam, click on the Submit for Grade button. Please note Once you click the Submit for Grade button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Exam Questions at that place are 10 randomly selected multiple choice questions each expense 5 points for a aggregate of 50 points. The Midterm Exam covers TCOs 1-4, 8, 11, and 12 and calendar weeks 15.The Midterm Exam contains two pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. The Midterm Exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have rough of the same questions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. The entire exam is worth 200 points. On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, should fully address each part of the question, and should demonstrate your fri abrogateship and understanding in a concise but complete answer.Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students prefer to work on the essay questions first, due to their higher point value and the length of time involve to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. Remember to always use proper quote when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed material (even a short phrase) should be placed in cite marks with the source (URL, author/date/page ) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote).Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute pose it in your own words and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a students work, but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. sour usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a vent grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin.An online plagiarism checking service. Please be VERY mindful of proper citation. 8. Some of the key meditate areas are below. Although these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content and that this study guide may not be all inclusive. TCO 1 Definitions of Technology and Science, the Three scientific Revolutions, Technological Systems, hebdomad 1 Lecture, Week 1 Readings TCO 2 Technology and HistoricalChange, the Industrial Revolution, Technologies in diametrical Cultural Contexts, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 3 Technology and the Arts, Digital Technologies, Collaborative Technologies, Week 4 Lecture, Week 4 Reading TCO 4 The Cultural Impact of Technologies (Computers, Cell Phones), Technologies as Artifacts and Ideas, the mixer Shaping of Technology, Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings TCO 8 The Industrial Revolution and the Steam Engine, D eterminism and Its Critics, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 11 Research Methods, Research Sources, Week 1 Tutorial TCO 12 Potential Impact of Emerging Technologies (GMOs, nanotechnology, robotics), Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings 9. The readings from the first four weeks are emphasized in this exam. Please make sure that these are read and that you participate in the intervention of these readings. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revisiting. 11.Reviewing the TCOs, which I have listed below for your convenience, will also be a great preparation for the Midterm Exam. 1 Given one or more examples of major technology development projects based on scientific theory, such as controlled heavier-than-air flight or the Manhattan Project or cloning, develop a commentary of technology that includes a clarification of its relationship to science. 2 Given a historical turning point, such as the fall of the R oman Empire, the Crusades, the Protestant Reformation, the growth of cities, or the collapse of the Soviet Union, establish the federal agency of technology in triggering the event and shaping its outcomes.Given an account of a stylistic trend in an art such as painting, music, literature, theater, or film, determine what technologies were involved and how they affected the evolution of the respective art. 4 Given examples of the widespread adoption of a technology that changes the culture of a society (e. g. , cars, computers, cell phones, and so on ), analyze the technology and the patterns of its adoption to identify the sources of the technologys influence. 8 Given a consequential technological invention, such as the printing press, the telephone, the automobile, the microchip, or the Internet, assess the cultural, economic, or social changes brought about by the invention.Given a process for defining and limiting a topic, participate in a research project as a member of a stu dent team that investigates, formulates, and presents its analysis of (a) an issue associated with a technology, (b) the characteristics of the technologys development, (c) its present and probably future impact, and (d) the ethical or moral issues arising from the development or implementation of that technology. 12 Given an rising technology, evaluate its future prospects by identifying the cultural and social factors that may prevent or promote its great dealy application. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q A Forum or e-mail me. Good luck on the exam

Aims of Education Essay Example for Free

Aims of Education EssayEducation has been conceived so multifariously in hu musical composition history, especi solelyy in verge of its aims. Chopra (2005) defines the term Aims as Long-term ambitions which may or may not be achieved, exactly which supply personal motivation and direction (p.16). Perhaps more than other aspects of human existence, it is raising which lends a direction to human efforts finished a definite profound school of thought a set of ideas intimately the nature of reality and about the meaning of conduct (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 130). However, aims of directing depend on the philosophy that prevails at the time of determining the aims of nurture. Different philosophies hold different views about the aims of reproduction Certain philosophies need performd narrow patriots. Others catch produced cultured individuals. Some others are responsible for speech up spiritual men and women (Shahid, 2001, p. 110). In fact, a philosophy or an id eology serves as a back-b cardinal in determining the objectives or end results of an education dodge.2.Western philosophy and Aims of EducationIf we sift the history of education in the West repair from the time of Greeks to the present contemporary era we would come across the quest major schools of thought influencing the aims of Education2.1. IdealismIdealism is considered the oldest philosophy of Western culture, dating back to old-fashioned Greece. Socrates (469-399 B.C.), one of the most honored philosophers and the earliest exponents of the idealistic school of thought looked upon the aim of education as not verbal instructions but to enable the individual, by developing in him the power of thought to acquire knowledge by himself, i.e. by self-realization. For this purpose, he presented the Dialectic Method/Socratic Method which is kindredwise called Question/Discussion Method.2.2 RealismAristotle (384-322 B.C.), a student of Plato and great Greek philosopher, was th e leading work out of this school of thought. He intendd in dualism the tendency to view reality as composed of two constituent elements crap and of matter (Kneller, 1964, p. 37). Following are the main(prenominal) aims of educationin RealismEquipping students with knowledge and cleverness needed to understand and master their physical environment. Enabling students to adjust themselves with adult approved behaviour. (Shahid, 2001, p. 141)2.3 ExistentialismSoren Kierkegaad (1813-1855) is considered the brain of Existentialism. Existentialists believe that the physical world has no inherent meaning apart from human experience. Existentialists believe that the main aim of education is to Develop authentic individuals who exercise freedom of choice and take responsibility of their run (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.4 MarxismThe leading proponent of this school of thought was Karl Marx, an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and socialist revolu tionary. He was famous for his analysis of history in terms of class grapples. The aims of education, according to Marxists, are Shape batch and institutions change material conditions of society, producing classless society (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.5 BehaviorismB. F. Skinner, is called the father of Behaviorism. jibe to this school of thought, the aim of education is to engineer environments that efficiently maximize learning (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.6 CognitivismCognition means the process of thinking and knowing. The aim of education, in cognitivists view, is to develop thinking skills for lifelong self-directed learning (McNergney Herbert, 1998, p. 139).2.7 NaturalismNaturalism is based on the boldness that nature is the whole of reality(Kneller 68). Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 ) was the exponent figure of this school of thought. Rousseau stressed that what is natural is genuine. According to Naturalists, following are the aims of education (1) Self-expression (2) Autonomous development individuality (3) Improvementof racial gains (4) Preparation for the struggle for existence. (Shahid 125)2.8 PragmatismAccording to the Pragmatists, truth is a tentative assertion derived from human experience (Kneller 82). The leading figure of the pragmatic educational philosophy was John Dewey (1859-1952), an American educationist. He believed that the aim of education is to Develop and take hold practical knowledge and skills for life in a progressive democratic society (McNergney Herbert 139).2.9 PerennialismPerennialists believe that education, like human nature, is a constant. The leading proponents of this philosophy were Hutchins and Adler. Accorging to McNergney Herbert, the perennialists argue mountain are canonicalally the same, regardless of where they make love and who they are, thus all people need the same canonical education and that education should consist of a fundamental grounding in history, language, mathemati cs, science, literature, and humanities(147).2.10 EssentinlismEssentialism asserts that Essence is prior to Existence and that education involves the learning of the basal skills, arts, and sciences that train been useful in the past and are likely to remain useful in the time to come (Kneller 256). The exponent figure of this school was William C. Bagley. The aim of education, as the Essentialists hold, is the Acquisition of culture cultural literacy for personal good (McNergney Herbert 139).2.11 Social ReconstructionismA key word to learn when trying to understand postmodern education is constructivism. The leading figures of this educational movement was George Counts. The reconstruction theory seeks to rebuild the society afresh. Its supporters believe that the role of education is to create a new social order that will fulfill the basic values of our culture and at the same time harmonize with the underlying social and economic forces of the modern world. According to them , the aim of education is to Solve social problems and create a better world (McNergney Herbert 139).3. Islam and Aims of EducationLike Western philosophies of education, Islam in like manner holds a view on the aims of education. However, it presents an independent, unique and much broader framework of reality, knowledge, existence and values to which the aims of education have got a logical connection. As a revealed religion, there is an objective quality of the goals of education in Islam.3.1 ism in IslamPhilosophy gets its roots from the ancient Greece. It emphasizes on the search of truth with the help of human reason. It is cognise as falsafa in Arabic. On the other hand, Islam is founded on the Word of Allah or the revealed knowledge. The way Islam came into contact with philosophy is explained by Fakhry (1997) in the following words The rapid expansion of Muslim Arab civilization in the degree Celsius years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW brought the corpor ate trust into close contact with Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian and Indian cultures and certain elements of those cultures incorporated (sometimes on adapted form) into Moslem thought. However, Islamic Philosophy takes its roots from the Holy Quran.3.2Education in IslamThe term education, as finds its meaning in Western philosophy, does not correspond very closely to some(prenominal) one exclusive term in Arabic. In fact, there are three words which are normally translated as education_ one emphasizing knowledge one growth to maturity and one the development of good manners. However, all these concepts aim at producing good Muslims with an understanding of the Islamic rules of behaviour and a strong knowledge of and commitment to the faith. Ashraf defines Islamic education as an education which trains the sensibilities of pupils in such a manner that in theirapproach to all kinds of knowledge they are governed by the deeply felt estimable values of Islam. They are trained and mentally so disciplined that they want to acquire knowledge not merely to satisfy an intellectual curiosity or just for material worldly benefit but to grow up as rational, righteous beings and to bring about the spiritual, moral and physical welfare of their families, their people and mankind. Their mental attitude derives from a deep faith in god and a wholehearted acceptance of a God-given moralcode. (Hussain Ashraf 1)3.3 Aims of Education Complete Submission to His WillIslam means slay submission to the Supreme be of Allah (SWT) and His Shariah. The sole purpose of mans macrocosm as described in the Holy Quran is to worship Allah (SWT) And I have not created the Jinn and the men but that they may worship Me. (al-Zariyaat 51 56)So, according to Islam, the purpose of the creation of humanity should also be the sole purpose, aim and objective of philosophy of Islamic education i.e. the complete, dogmatic submission to the Supreme Will of Allah (SWT), the Almighty. As R izavi puts it Thus in Islamic creed, the idea of omnipresence of God permeates life in its totality God is everywhere and hence prayers can be said anywhere A Muslim is supposed to be in communion with God throughout his life academic term on the prayer-rug, labouring in the field, defending his countrys borders, in short, while doing anything and everything. (113)3.4 Taqwa (piety) and Adl (justice) as the Cornerstones of Islamic TeachingsTaqwa occupies a crucial position in the aims of Islamic teachings. The Holy Quran considers it a requisite for getting Divine Guidance (Hidaya) This is a perfect Book there is no doubt in it it is a guidance for the righteous (al-Baqara 2 2)Regarding the sacrifices offered by the Muslims at the time of Hajj or Id al-Adha, the Quran clearly says that the flesh of animals sacrificed does not pass along Allah what reaches Him is the piety or taqwa operated behind these teachings(Rizavi 115). The Quran also gives us a clue to the achi evement of taqwa or excellence of character Be just that is Next to piety (al-Maidah 5 8).In fact, With respect to man justice means basically a condition and situation whereby he is in his right and fitting place (al-Attas 26). Thus, Islam aims at preparing such persons who are pious and just.3.5Justice implies knowledgeIslam has made it obligatory on all believers to acquire knowledge. In the very first verses of the Quran, the prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) was instructed to read Convey thou in the happen upon of thy Lord Who created Created man from a clot of blood.(al- Alaq 96 1-5)The best Islamic education must traverse the two traditional categories of knowledge, and the hierarchical relationship between them revealed knowledge, attained through the religious sciences and acquired knowledge, attained through the rational, intellectual and philosophical sciences. In Islam, both types of knowledge, the revealed and the acquired, contribute to the strengthening of f aith, the former through the careful ruminate of the revealed word of Allah SWT and the latter through the systematic study of the world of man and the universe. The Quran appeals constantly to reason and try which is a blessing indispensable to arrive at proper judgement. It invites directs the humans to study the reality.3.6 Taqwa and FaithThe basic features of the Islamic constitution as substantiate in the Quran Sunnah are the creed or doctrine (Aqeedah) or faith (trust and belief founded on authority) _ as belief in Allah SWT, faith in the prophet SAW and the basic attitude that all human activity should follow in the complete submission to Allah SWT. Islamic education has to inculcate these beliefs and attitudes in Muslim youth. The more comprehensive equivalent of faith in the Arabic language is Iman derived from the root-word Amn which means freedom from fear, security, peace, satisfaction, trust, affirmation, acceptance of correctness and submission or giving up to tr uth. Accordingto the Holy Quran a Believer i.e. a Momin must have faith in (1) Allah, (2) The Hereafter, (3) The Unseen Clestial powers called Malaika (roughly translated as Angels), (4) The Book and (5) The holy prophets. (Haq 242)3.7 IjtehadSide by side with the inculcation and strengthening of these basic values, Islamic education must create in the minds of Muslim youth an adaptability and a mechanism for adjustment to worldly matters. The Arabs were the first people to demonstrate such an adaptability during the prime of Islamic intellectual preeminence. They acquired Greek learning, subjected it to investigation, experiment and expansion in such diverse fields as algebra, geometry, astronomy, navigation, chemistry medicine and evolved the scientific principles of empiricism. This attitude extended into Europe in the fifteenth the sixteenth centuries as part of the Renaissance. The Islamic education system must now adopt the same scientific empiricism in worldly matters whic h the Muslims themselves invented but have forgotten during the past five centuries. The value of adaptability, experimentation and tolerance (as opposed to dogma) must be embodied in the new system. This will, in all probability, require the institution of ijtehad or interpretation of the Islamic law. An Islamic educational system is an integrating force and it prepares men for ijtehad where it is due. In the words of Iqbal The teachings of the Quran that life is a process of progressive creation necessitates that each generation, guided but unhampered by the work of its predecessors, should be permitted to solve its own problems. (1989)3.8 Action as Complementary to FaithIn Islam good actions are a requisite to faith. The Holy Quran says By the fleeting Time, Surely, man is in a state of loss, Except those who believe and do good works (al-Asr 103 1-3)3.9 Enjoining Right and Forbidding WrongAccording to Haq, It Islam is not scarcely a religion of the Muslims, in the usua l sense of the word it is their whole life. It encompasses all aspects of human life social, cultural, economic, educational, spiritual, material, political, in fact, all. A cult of universal brotherhood must, of necessity, be highly organized. (244) What Islam aims to produce are animate and committed individuals who work for the promotion of all that is good and the renunciation of all that is bad for the ultimate victory of all human-beings. The Holy Quran says You are the best people raised for the good of mankind you enjoin what is good and forbid evil and believe in Allah (Al-i-Imran 3110)3.10 Sincerity of Motive (niyyah)According to Rizavi, Islam gives due consideration to human weaknesses, and, therefore, accepts from a person whatever he may achieve, with the sincerity of motive (117) and that Motive (niyyah) is a serious factor in the acquisition of education. In fact, Islam judges all conduct according to its motives (116). 4. decisivenessThe aims of educatio n stem from the kind of philosophy directing them. Western philosophy, in general, is this world-oriented, and divorced from revelation, its aims of education have been changing and varying from one approach to another it ignores the true self of man (both physical and spiritual) its top dog sources of knowledge are senses, reason and intuition which are deceivable and temporary it neglects the final purpose of man therefore, it fails to provide one single approach and thus leaves man into chaos and confusion. On the other hand, Islam, having a inspired base, aiming to bring man closer to God and seek His pleasure as his ultimate aim, is characterized by clarity, realism, sublimity and downrightness of direction thus, offering a solution to all of mans problems and giving him a right direction in this world.ReferencesThe Holy Quran.al-Attas. ed. Aims and Objectives of Islamic Education. Jeddah Hodder and Stoughton, 1979.Azam, Ikram. A Futuristic Paradigm of Education. Islamabad AB C Enterprises, 2003.Chopra, Rakesh, ed. donnish Dictionary of Education. Delhi Isha Books, 2005.Fakhry. Islamic philosophy, theology and mysticism. Oxford Oneworld, 1997. Haq, Mazhar A. Educational Philosophy of the Holy Quran. Lahore Institute of Islamic Culture, 1990.Hussain, S.S. Ashraf, S. A. Crisis in Muslim education. London Hodder Stoughton, 1979.Iqbal, A.M. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore Iqbal Academy, 1989.Kneller, George F. Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Los Angeles University Of California, 1964.McNergney Robert F. Joanne M.. Herbert. Foundations of Education.London Allyn Bacon, 1998.Rizavi, Sayyid S. Islamic Philosophy of Education. Lahore Institute ofIslamic Culture, 1986.Shahid, S.M. ed. Philosophy of Education. Lahore Majeed Book Depot, 2001.

The Internet in Our Lives Essay Example for Free

The network in Our Lives EssayThe Internet has always made our lives easier and faster since it was invented. While some people think that the Internet is harmful or dangerous invention especially for children and teenagers, other people debates that the Internet now is functional, because they use it in the well-nigh their needs. This try out will discuss why the internet is a good invention and useful for humanity. there be many reasons why the internet should have more security. First of all, the internet provides an avenue for criminals to disgrace the privacy of families. To illustrate, there atomic number 18 many criminals who are victimization to girls to get their own photos and then test to get money for avoiding spreading photos in the web sites. Secondly, pornographers which are web sites that include sexual materials, are easy to reach, because there is not enough censorship from the government on these web sites. Teenagers today are independent, because the try and search for the sexual materials. Finally, the internet now is providing the best place for thieves to create many ideas for stoling. For instance, phishing sites which deal and sell sites, fake bank sites.These sites are not censor and entirely similar to the original sites. However, if we facial gesture at the positive side of the internet, we find that the advantages are more than disadvantages. Thus, I looking at that the internet is subservient in our lives for many reasons. Firstly, the internet is the best way to communicate with other people anywhere and anytime. For example, when a member of family studies abroad, the family give the gate communicate with each other by many programs which are supported by the internet such as Skype and MSN.For this reason, the internet will be helpful for not feeling homesick, because the internet is the easier and cheaper than other ways of communicating. The other point is that the internet could be used in education. For inst ance, we can recover our homework, listen to science lectures, and search for information about a particular topic. The internet makes our education easier because can find information quickly. Searching for information from the library takes long time, while the internet simplifies that. Lastly, introducing our religion which is Islam using the internet, we can invite people to join Islam.People who join Islam earlier are always aflame to invite other people on their country, so Islam will increase around the world. In summary, this essay illustrated the benefits and disadvantages of the internet. It illustrated that the advantages are more than the disadvantages. I think using internet has more advantages then disadvantages and I feel that the internet has changed our lives positively since it was invented, because everything around the world is changed such as technology, but it should be more censored and security from the government.

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction EssaySewerage placements ar mavin of the most important infrastructures in construction of house physicianial, industrial or commercial project as it determines the prime(prenominal) of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a network of netherground give notice screamworks, pump shoess, cloaca interposition plants and sludge treatment facilities. This formation usually ope directs establish on by gravity due to the dispose of the piping which reduces the high cost required for pumping.Sewers are yet classified into a few categories, which front on the sheath of wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm crappers are knowing to carry stormwater from roofs, paved theatre of operationss, pavements and roads industrial sewers are useed to carry wastewater generate from the industry sanitary sewers are ended to carry the waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets. at that place i s another type of sewer which is cognise as combined sewers. These types of sewers are nameed to carry stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewerage. In Malaysia, many towns and cities utilization the separate sewer system. The wastewater is transported in separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers. This system leave not experience CSOs (Combine Sewer Over fertilizes) which usually happen to combined sewer. The flooding will cause by stormwater still.Sewerage system is very important as it helps lot to transport the wastes or sewage absent from their places. Therefore, the system essential(prenominal) be functioning well because improper functioning system will engage to pollution and contamination of various aspects of our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular master(prenominal)tenance must be done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be employ to the new sewerage systems to picture t he sewerage systems are in good condition.The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the devolve of the wastewater. In designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be employ must be able to accommodate the spinning top light. The vizor lead is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measurement of the population in an bailiwick. When designing the sewerage, there is a standard and criteria that should be followed. The standard write in code of practice for sewerage design in Malaysia (MS 12281991) was select from British Standard BS 80051987. However, British Standard may not be as relevant to Malaysia due to the season and climate portion which control direct effect on the peak function. This is the main reason of doing this research to find out whether the standard is suitable to be used in Malaysia. line of work StatementAny sewerage system will be designed to carry a genuine amount of sewage based on the population equival ent (PE). In sewerage design, the per capita prevail and the peak lean rate rate (Qpeak) are important literary arguments. Based on British Standard, the per capita advert is 225L/day/ individual and the peak flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a previous larn indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewerage system in Malaysia although no conclusive results were obtained (Dayalan, two hundred7). A lower peak flow factor will result in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, further research is carryed to study the suitability of current design criteria for sewerage system located in tropical climates.1.3Research ObjectivesThe objectives of the study areTo obtain flow entropy from pre-determined sewer tributary area.To evaluate the parameter in the peak flow factor equation for medium scale sewerage catchment system.To determine the affinity between population of an area to the peak flow of sewerage system.1.4 Scope of ResearchTo collect relev ant information of sewerage design from selected literatures.To find out relevant formula provided in selected codes for sewerage design.To study the peak flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE honor of 1000-10000.To measure flow characteristics by using flow meter with build-in sensor in manholes at Tropicana Indah.To compare the results obtained with the formula in the standard code.To even up recommendation on the feasibility of the code formula to tropical climate.CHAPTER 2 books REVIEW2.1 Sewerage System in MalaysiaThe sewerage system is designed to collect wastewater or foul sewage generated from residential, industrial and commercial areas through sewer pipes and discharges it to the treatment plants or facilities to ensure the sewage is released to the natural water bodies in an appropriate condition and quality (Geoffrey, 2004). In Malaysia, sewerage systems range from guileless toilet with little or no treatment provided to modern sewage treatment plants that trea t the sewage to the desired quality accordance to env atomic number 26ment standard. There are two main types of sewerage system in Malaysia. A stick in sewerage system is either connected to a public sewage treatment plant or an individual septic tank. Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is responsible to provide service and aid to public sewage treatment plants and all the underground pipes and excessively provide desludging services to individual septic tanks (Abd Aziz, 2006).IWK decided to divide the underground pipe into two sections, public pipe and hush-hush pipe (Figure 2.1) to make sure that all underground pipes operate without any problem. Public pipe is under the responsibility of IWK and the toffee-nosed pipe is under individual responsibility. An individual have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe need for servicing. (Abd Aziz, 2006).http//www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage%20System.jpgFigure 2.1 melt down of wastewater from private pipe to pu blic pipe (USJ 23 fireside2.2 transit of WastewaterWastewater is usually transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the sewer mains by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that range from 80-100mm diam. The intumescent sewer mains can be located about 1.8m deep or much than that along the centerline of a street or pathway. The small and large sewer pipes are made by antithetic material, in which the smaller sewer pipes are made of clay, cover, or asbestos cement, and the large sewer pipes are made of reinforced concrete construction. The flow of wastewater is different from water- generate system. The water supply is transported to each house by the application of pressure. However, the wastewater from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravity. Therefore, the sewer pipe must situated on slope surface to allow the wastewater to flow at a amphetamine of at least 0.8m/s and not more than 4m/s. (MS12281991). If the wastewater flows at velocity lower than 0.8m/s, the solid material tends to settle in the pipe which will lead to blockage. Storm-water mains have similar structure as sanitary sewers but they have a much larger diameter than sanitary sewers. In certain places, the urban sewer mains are connected to interceptor sewers, which can then trade union to form a organic structure line. The trunk line will then discharge the wastewater into the wastewater-treatment plant. This superman process is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and trunk lines will carry the wastewater discharge from sewer main, they are usually made of brick or reinforced concrete which can carry more shipment than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are large enough for a truck to pass through them. (Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007)http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpgFigure 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater (Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum,Wastewater Treatment)2.3 Concept TheoryIn designing a sewerage pipe network, the pump stations and sewage treatment plants are required to carry and pump rafttric flow rate. The flow rates are usually measured in cubic meter per bet on (m3/s) and need to be compute for both existing land use and for expected future development. There are two parameters that are used to maneuver expected flow rates. One of the parameters is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/ soul/day is an average daily flow, which means a person will produce 225 liters of sewage in a day. Another design parameter named population equivalent (PE) of a catchment can also be used to calculate the flow rate. PE is not a measure of population. However, it is used to measure the estimated second of people that use the sewage facilities. In residential areas, the PE is a direct measurement of the population in an area which is calculated as five per dwelling. The PE has a different method of measurement in commercial area. It is calculated from the floor area and this PE value is considered to be proportional to the number of people using a premise during the day which does not reflect the population living in an area.2.4 Quantity for Wastewater2.4.1 Tributary sphere of influenceTributary area is an area from where the wastewater is being transported to a particular sewer section. The types of activities in that area determine the quantity of wastewater being collected by a particular section. A heap has to be done when there is no information available on existing areas in align to determine the number and classification of persons and the types of industries. (Guyer, 2010)Table 2.1 shows the method of calculating the PE.Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE (MS12281991)No. suit of Premises/EstablishmentPopulation Equivalent (recommended)1Residential5 per unit2 technical(include entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres)3 per 100m gross area3School/Educational Institutions Day schools/institutions0.2 per disciple Full residential1 per schoolchild Partial residential0.2 per student for non-residential student and 1 per student for residential student4Hospitals4 per bed5Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities)4 per style6Factories (excluding process wastes)0.3 per staff7Market (Wet Type)3 per stall8Petrol kiosks/ help stations18 per service request9Bus terminal4 per bus bay2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes2.4.2.1 Contributing PopulationIn designing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the sewer. The design population in a residential area is based on the number of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial area is the maximum number of staff ever employed. The design population for sewers that serve both residential and industrial areas include residents and non-residents. roleing of these sewers denote that no person should be counted more than once. Allowances should be made for future population changes caused by master planning projections and facility military group requirements. (Guyer, 2010)2.4.2.2 Average Daily FlowThe average daily flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from resident and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The average daily flow shows the total volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It cannot be used for wastes that were generated over mindlesser periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can only be used for designing sewers that generate wastewater over a 24-hour period (e.g. residential area). In Malaysia, the average daily flow for residential area is usually taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial areas, the average daily flow is taken as 115L/person/day as non-resident personnel and employees is working for 8-hour shifts. These quantities are usually used in designing wastewater treatment facilities. However, they are also used for sizing interceptors, trunk sewers and pumpin g stations serving large portions of the installation. (Guyer, 2010)2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow considerAverage hourly flow rate is used for designing sewers that serve small areas of the installation (e.g. industrial area), where most of the wastewater is generated by non-residents or other short term occupants. The average hourly flow rate is counted based on the actual period of waste generation. For example, 1000 non-residents with an average daily flow of 115L/person/day would generate 115,000 liters in 8 hours which is equivalent to an average hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the average daily flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the sewer must be designed hydraulically to carry 115,000 liters of waste in 8 hours quite of 24 hours (Guyer, 2010). If the sewer is designed to carry a waste of 115,000 liters in 24 hours, then the sewer pipe will not be able to transport the wastes as the actual volume of wastes generated is more than the design wast e. This will lead to the blockage of sewer pipes and overflow in the toilet.2.5 Design Wastewater FlowThe design flow of wastewater must be determined for any section of a proposed sewer. The design flow is not only based on sanitary sewage industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must also be taken into account. The following shows the equation to determine the peak flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewerage design.2.5.1 Design EquationsThe peak flow required to design sewers, pumping station and treatment facilities are calculated by the following equation natural elevation flow factor = 4.7 x p-0.11p Estimated equivalent population, in thousand.The sewers are designed based on peak flow to ensure that the sewer pipes would be able to accommodate the wastewater generated at any time.2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer DesignIn designing sewers, there are a few factors as stated in MS12281991 that must be taken into considerationEconomy in the designThe sewers should be k ept as short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths.Shallow rider sewers can be dictated under highways having expensive foundations and surfaces to receive the local house connection, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers.Location of sewersThe sewers should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the maintenance work.If topography dictates, the sewer is to be located within private properties, and provide adequate access for maintenance purposes.Location or the position of other existing or proposed service lines, building foundation, etc for maintenance purposes.A minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1m just separation from the water main should be provided to avoid the sewage from entering the water main.The impact of sewer construction and subsequent maintenance activities towards road users.Hydraulic DesignThe sewers should be laid at much(prenominal) inclines to produce adequate velocities to film the solid matter. The gradient should p roduce a minimum velocity of not less than 0.8 m/s and a maximum velocity of not more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of sewer by erosion action of suspended solid.Structural DesignThe information of sewers must be adequate to accommodate the sewage from existing and future properties. The minimum depth should be 1.2 m.The minimum size of the sewer should be 200 mm in diameter in show to convey raw sewage.Straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes should be laid for sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for sewers of larger than 600 mm internal diameter.Flexible type and watertight joints should be provided between sewers, sewer manhole or other appurtenance structure to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential settlement.The foundation should be able to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and carry the weight of soil supra the sewer and any other superimposed load.Service ConnectionThe diameter of the connecti on must be adequate enough to prevent blockage problems.The sewer must have a minimum gradient of 2%.The minimum size of the connection should be one hundred fifty mm.Tee junction should be used to connect service connection to the main sewer.2.5.2.1 gloominess Sewer DesignSewers are designed to convey the wastewater flows as required. Generally, it is not recommended to design the sewers for full flow, even at peak rates as the chances for problem arising are high. The flows that cover above 90% to 95% of full depths are considered unstable which may lead to sudden loss of carrying capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 (Guyer, 2010). Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flow full or partly full, is now transporting the flow under pressure. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes (David and John, 2011). Besides that, large trunk and interceptor sewers laid on flat slopes experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flow full, the sewers may lack equal air space above the liquid for proper ventilation. Ventilation in sewer is important in preventing the buildup of explosive, corrosive or odorous gases, and for reducing the formation of hydrogen sulfide. Thus, the depth of design flow for trunk and interceptor sewers should not exceed 90% of full depth laterals and main sewers, 80% and building connections, 70%. heedless of flow and depth, the minimum sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 mm for service connections and 200 mm for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connections are usually smaller than 150 mm as they only convey liquids with little or no solids (e.g. condensate lines). A condensate line of more than 100 mm is recommended for most situations. Same design criteria as sanitary sewers can be applied to industrial application except pipe material that is resistant to the waste are to be specified. (Guyer, 2010)Figure 2.2 (a) Part-full pi pe flow without surcharge(b) Pipe flow with surcharge (David and John, 2011)2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity SewerThere are many types of material which can be used for sewerage construction. However, the type of materials that we choose must depend on its life expectancy, previous local experience, roughness coefficient, structural force-out and local availability. Table 2.2 shows the common materials that are suitable for sanitary sewers. Sewer pipes made by different material have different diameters and lengths.Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity SewerTypes of Pipe Materialduration (m)Diameter (mm)Pipe JointsVitrified clay pipe (VCP)0.6 1.0100 300FlexibleReinforced concrete pipe1.83150 3000Spigot socket type with rubber rings 375mm diameter3.05Fabricated steel with sulphates resistance cement lining9100 1500Spigot socket, flange and mechanical 750mm diameterWelded jointsCast iron3.66VaryFlange and spigot socket typeAsbestos cement pipe4100 600Plastic pipe6110 630Spigot end and socket type with rubber seals, jointing by flanges, welding and solvent cementingformer(a) materialCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn this research, a field work will be conducted to get the information that will be used to reach the objectives of this research.3.2 Preliminary WorksThis is the initial works that has to be done before conducting the field work at internet site. It includes information gathering on the outcome of sewerage design and self-study on similar and related topics in order to learn more.3.2.1 development GatheringA series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the topic of sewerage design. Sources for sewerage design mostly come from abroad. However, the information on the method to evaluate the design criteria is obtained from related research by a local university.3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and facility of Sewerage Systems(MS12281991)With the reference to this code book , the design criteria and the factors to be considered for sewerage design is obtained. The equations to calculate the peak flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard code of practice.3.3 Site WorkA site has been identified for the field work data collection. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for access to their manholes.3.3.1 Flow Characteristics MeasurementThe flow characteristic of a section of sewerage pipe systems can be measured by using a flow meter. This flow meter is provided with sensor which will automatically record the flow, velocity and water height at a specific time interval, which in this case is 5 minutes. Once the measurement is completed, the data from the flow meter will be linked to a computer that has Flowlink4 software. This software would aid the plotting of graphs for the 3 parameters (flow, velocity and height) as well as transfer of data to other software. From the da ta, the maximum and minimum hourly flow rate can be obtained. The average flow rate can be used to calculate per capita flow.Flow per capita = Average daily flow (m3/day) / Total population equivalent (PE)= m3/day/personThe paygrade of peak factor and per capita flow for sewerage can also be done through the data obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewerage design are as followa. Peak flow factor = 4.7 - p-0.11b. Average daily flow = Flow per capita - PE= m3/dayc. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor - Average daily flow= 4.7 - p-0.11 - Flow per capita - PE= m3/dayFrom MS 12281991, the p value is an estimated PE in thousands and the average flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

The Need Of Sound Information System Information Technology Essay

The Need Of Sound culture System discipline Technology EssaySm wholly to Medium Enterprise is an scheme or business organisation that wholly has a certain tally of employees or revenues, different country has a different definition and standard for SME. In Singapore, SME invite to devour at least 30 per cent local equity and fixed ample assets non more than S$15 million and limit of only non more than cc employees. In Australia, SME has a different category such as very small with only 1 to 9 employees, small with only 10 to 49 employees, medium with 50 to 149 employees and grown with 150+ employees.Information in SME is a really important asset, the loss or distress in any pieces of info result damage the company really badly. Lose in competitive advantage, customers loyalty is the consequences that may materialise and a company in SME could be out of business if an possibility akin that happened. Even though learning aegis pile be applied to all kind of busines s, only when there atomic number 18 differences between SME and large company when applying auspices. SME and large company keep back a difference kind of challenges when applying security system. SME does not consider big budget standardised large company, fewer qualified security strength and re offsets. Challenges for large enterprises ar often beca custom of their large size. They atomic number 18 difficult to track their users because they have a large number of users and or so clock they have a lot of branches in different locations to maintain. SME a alike(p) has advantage compared to the large company, SME which has a smaller number of employees than large company has a lesser threat by insider attacks.One of the solutions for SME for security is outsourcing the security, but the difficulty occurred because of the price offered, some SMEs faecal matternot afford the prices, so it comes again with the budget SME has. at that place is separate solution offer ed to SME in security, some of the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) increasingly partne send for with security vendors to offers SMEs standard security products.The ingest of sound training carcass.Information security charge is a caution that manages threats and risks to the organizations education it is applicable for all type of organization, from large to small organization. Information security management embroils personnel security, technical security, physical security, rag control, business continuity management and many separate things. The standard of the requirement of information security management is ISO 27001 it is star of the ISO 27000 families. With this, it wad wait on to manipulate the information more protected and clients will withal tone of voice limitd. ISO 27001 helps to protect all kind of information, information in soft reproduction or hard copy and even in communication. at that place 3 important characteristics in Information security, C onfidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Confidentiality ensures that only some authorized user may memory price of admission the information, so different level of information evoke only be admissioned by certain users. Integrity is a state where the information is complete, and uncorrupted. Availability ensures that the information is available whenever the authorized user accessed.Information security management is demanded because promptly information is the roughly vital asset for almost all the organizations. A lot of consequences when the information is destroyed, stolen or corrupted and the consequences may be very dangerous or even shamble the organizations fall down. Personal information is too vital to the people itself and overly to the company, if the company do not handle the information carefully, it will be dangerous to the company because personal information commode overly be customer information and when it is not secured, the customers can lo st their trust to the company and the companys reputation will be affected also, these can also applied to the companys modules. there is this case study where some companies in London experienced loss of electrical energy because there was a problem in the London power company. Because of the loss of electricity, some of the companies have their selective information corrupted and also systems crashed, these nonessentialals made the companies loss their clients, light-colored corrupted info, re input the data which constitute them more and closed the business.There are some of the topics that cover the information security managementBiometric security tresss and their useBiometric security system is a tool to protect from flare upr to access information but victimization part of the body to authenticate the authorized user instead of typing the password. The advantages are it cannot be borrowed or made and also it is more secured than in lay the password. Biometrics that is using physical body that is unique includes finger fall guys, palm, retina, iris, and facial. For the behavioral characteristics include signature, voice, unwrapstroke pattern and human motion.This is a list of biometric and its uses. Fingerprints realisation is a biometric where it identifies by scanning fingerprints and looks for the pattern build on a fingertip. There are different kinds of fingerprints verification, some of them using pattern-matching devices comparing the scanned fingerprints from database, they are also using moir fringe patterns and ultrasonic. Palm recognition scan, measure the shape of the hand and look for the pattern on the palm. Some of the organizations use this for time and attendance recording. Retina recognition analyzing the layer of blood vessels located at the book binding of the eye. This biometric uses low intensity light and source through and optical coupler to look for patterns of the retina, so the user want to focus on a given(p) poi nt. Iris recognition analyze the colored ring of tissues surround the pupil by using conventional camera element and the users do not need to be close to the scanner. Face recognition analyses the facial characteristics and it requires digital camera to scan. Some organization like casino, scan for scam artists for quick followion.Some of the company even government also using biometric security. Fujitsu Ltd. is now making the company desktop computing device to use a palm recognition, it is not using fingerprints because it verbalise that palm recognition is more secured than fingerprint. They are using infrared to scan the users palm, they look for the pattern of the mineral vein in the palm and because they use infrared, they can see them. This technology is already in use in more than 18000 bank ATMS in Japan. Germany stores a digital fingerprints and digital photos in to the passport to fight organise crime and international terrorism.Biometric may be more secured but rese arch says biometric like fingerprint recognition can be accessed by unauthorized users also. There is this mathematician named Tsutomu Matsumoto, he use a $10 ingredients gelatine and p endic mold to reproduce a portion of finger and in four of five attempts, he can accessed to 11 different fingerprints recognition systems. sequent result management and disaster recuperationIncident receipt is an organized purpose or procedures to handle and counter some threats like security prisonbreak or attack. Incident response plan includes a policy that discusses how to response to a certain threats, reduces recovery costs and time. Some of hazard response goals are reduce the impact, celebrate future incidents, verify that incident occurred, maintains Business Continuity, and improve security and incident response.There is incident response team in the organization that handles the incident response plan. Incident response team also necessitate another party in organization to help t hem, such as business managers, IT stave, legal department, human resources, public dealing, security groups, analyse and risk management specialists. Business managers make agreements with the team roughly(predicate) their authority over business systems and decisions if scathing business systems must be leave out down. IT staff help the team to access the net income for outline purposes and improve security infrastructure if recommended by the team. Legal staffs need to review non-disclosure agreements and determine site indebtedness for computer security incidents. Human resources help to hire the teams staff and develop policies and procedures for removing internal employees. Public relations help to handle the media and develop information-disclosure policies. Security groups help the team to solve issues involving computer. Audit and risk management help to analyze threat.There are a some(prenominal) steps to response to the incident. First, the organization needs to prepare the staff by having the staff to do some training they need to be trained to response to the incident quickly and decently and also educates the staff to update the security lawfully. The response team has to identify whether it is a security incident or not and the team can also invite some information about the authorized threats. Response team need to identify how far the problem has affected the systems and decide faster by shut down the affected system to prevent yet damage. Then they need to find the source of the incident and remove the source. After that they need to restored the data from clean backup files, oversee them and upgrading the systems to prevent the selfsame(prenominal) incidents in the future. quick device security management lively devices the staffs use also need some kind of security because they can contain pieces of information about the company, it can be the customer or staff information but it can be some kind of soft copy of some report s or documents. Some of IT staffs need to use peregrine devices like PDA or smart phone to make business data. Mobile devices may look secure, issue of viruses and malwares but they are not.There are several threats to the wide awake devices. Intruder can intrude the mobile devices and expose the information out of it through wireless network by using wireless sniffer. Mobile devices can also be stolen or lost and if the devices are not secured by move a password, information can be dig out easily from the devices. Less than 500 mobile operational system viruses, worms and Trojans can be found. Mobile viruses can be a major threat, some of the viruses can clear the data corrupt the data and several other problems. Viruses can intrude the devices when application downloaded to the devices. There is one virus environed 911 Virus, this virus cause 13 million I-mode user in to automatically call Japans emergency phone number. E-mail viruses affect the devices the same as e-mail v irus affect regular PC. It makes the devices to send multiple emails.There are ways to prevent the threat to happen. The easiest way is to put a password to the mobile devices, the password can only be attempted for a several times and if it failed, the devices will be automatically locked down. Using encryption techniques can help to protect interloper from irrupt when exchanging data using wireless network. Back up the data regularly to PC if anything happens to the data. Install antivirus and putting a firewall into the devices can help to prevent viruses. Administrator can take control of the mobile device and also wipe the data on missing or stolen devices.Linking business objectives with securityLinking business objectives with information security can be expensive process and risky. It can create frustration in both(prenominal) sides. There are several actions that can be employ to improve both sides. Reflect the business objectives in information security reflect them in information security policy, objectives and activities. Information security has to be consistent with the organizational culture, changing the culture of the business from information security is often not possible. defend the information in business process by establish a security program. Follow the information security standard, following them will make the staff, customers and client feel that their data is safe. Increase the checking of the need for security, security manager should explain the benefit of them by using business terms, so that everyone can understand more. Obtain the support from management ensure that risk management is part of every staffs job description. The last thing is to use the resources wisely. Spend more resources when the problems are really occurred. With this plan, both business and security can improve and successful.Ethical issues in information security managementIT security personnel are given the authority to access data or information abo ut the individuals and companies networks and system. With this authority, they might use it in a wrong way which mostly is intruding someones secretiveness for example, scanning employees email just for fun or even diverting the messages, read others email and even worse, they can blackmail the employee. The IT personnel can oversee the websites that visited by the network user, they can even place key loggers on machine to capture everything that is displayed.There is ethical issues called real world ethical dilemmas, it is where the IT security personnel happened to see the company secrets and may print the documents, it can be use to blackmail the company or even trade the information to the other company. They also may encounter where they see a document where it showed that the company do some dirty things. With this crucial information, the company is in danger, not only the company but also the security personnel themselves.There are ways to prevent the people in internet that want to intrude users privacy, one of the articles give tongue to that when the author access a website, he saw advertisement in the website and the ad said about an event and it takes place at the authors area, and so he tried to change the location of the computer and when he click the ad again, it shows a different area, area where the his computer set up, this kind of ad using the users IP address to track the user, so he figure it out by surreptitiousness or masking IP address using some software, this way, the user can protect their privacy effectivelyOne article talked about how IT security personnel deal with sensitive information in right way, first thing to do if to check whether they have signed a non-disclosure agreement that call for them to protect information that they overheard, if there are then protect it, second things to do is to ask themselves whether it is rational to the host company to expect them to hold such overheard conversation in confidence. If so, they should not spread the overheard information to anyone.Security training and educationWith many organizations are using internet, many users including unauthorized can access and dig out information. They need to train or educate their staff to protect organizations information by creating a system to secure the information from unauthorized users. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) educates the staffs about how information security works, secure the information, and maintain the information safe and secured.Network security will have the staffs quickly respond to defend the attacks and have countermeasures. Following by investigate the weakness of the systems. It is not light to protect network security which is why they need to be trained. CISSP education consists of learning about database security, how the intruders intrude the systems, and the right countermeasures for a certain attacks.There is a survey regarding the intrusion to the US com panies, the unauthorized intrusions to their network increased 67% this year from 41% last year. The cause of intrusions mainly because of hacker attack, lack of adapted security policies, employee web usage, virus, employee carelessness, disgruntled employee, weak password policy, lack of software updates and software security flaw. IT managers also take part of the survey about which is the biggest intrusion in the future and they identified that viruses, spyware, Trojan, worms and spam are the biggest risk, followed by hacking, uneducated user about security, sabotage, and loss of information.A group called QinetiQ North Americas Mission stem Group, it provide security education and training to the users but before they train their user, they need to identify individuals mandatory training objectives, plan, develop and validate training materials and then they conduct an effective training to the personnel and at the end evaluate course effectiveness. bear outing against Intern et-based attacksInternet-based attacks can be very dangerous to the company a research said companies are losing an average out of $2 million in revenue from internet-based attacks which disrupt the business. The average of 162 companies said that they are suffered one crucial incident a year from worms, viruses, spyware or other security-related causes, and for for each one attack the systems were down an average of 22 hours. The threats will grow as the companies increase their use of internet.Defend against the internet-based attack can be done by using intrusion prevention and detection, they can detect the attack and the company can quickly defend against them. IDS will be looking for the characteristics of known attacks. IPS can recognize the content of network traffic and block malicious connection. Wireless intrusion prevention monitors the wireless networks, detect unauthorized access points and provide reporting and analysis. There are also basic things like firewalls an d antivirus that can be used to defend and there are many things that can be used to defend these kinds of attacks.Industrial espionage and business intelligence gatheringIncident response is an organized plan or procedures to handle and counter some threats like security breach or attack. Incident response plan includes a policy that discusses how to response to a certain threats, reduces recovery costs and time. Some of incident response goals are reduce the impact, prevent future incidents, verify that incident occurred, maintains Business Continuity, and improve security and incident response.There is incident response team in the organization that handles the incident response plan. Incident response team also needs another party in organization to help them, such as business managers, IT staff, legal department, human resources, public relations, security groups, audit and risk management specialists. Business managers make agreements with the team about their authority over b usiness systems and decisions if critical business systems must be shut down. IT staff help the team to access the network for analysis purposes and improve security infrastructure if recommended by the team. Legal staffs need to review non-disclosure agreements and determine site liability for computer security incidents. Human resources help to hire the teams staff and develop policies and procedures for removing internal employees. Public relations help to handle the media and develop information-disclosure policies. Security groups help the team to solve issues involving computer. Audit and risk management help to analyze threat.There are a several steps to response to the incident. First, the organization needs to prepare the staff by having the staff to do some training they need to be trained to response to the incident quickly and correctly and also educates the staff to update the security regularly. The response team has to identify whether it is a security incident or not and the team can also find some information about the current threats. Response team need to identify how far the problem has affected the systems and decide faster by shut down the affected system to prevent further damage. Then they need to find the source of the incident and remove the source. After that they need to restored the data from clean backup files, monitor them and upgrading the systems to prevent the same incidents in the future.Governance issues in information security managementSecurity governance is a system that directs and control information security. Governance itself means setting the objectives of the business and ensures them to achieve the objectives.There are several examples of governance issues, CEO of health south corporation said that more than 85 counts that include prank and signing off on false corporate statements that overstated earning by at least US $1.4 billion. Senior vice president and CIO of the company with the 15 other plead guilty. Anot her incident happened in an Ohio-based company that handles payroll and other human resources functions on a contract business which is already bankrupt, and they left wing their 3000 staffs without paychecks and reportedly that the companys client list has been sold.Personnel issues in Information secPersonnel security focuses on the employees involving policies and procedures about the risks the employees accessing the company information and prevents them from taking it. Threats in organizations are not only from the outside but also from the inside, which can make severe damages and costs.There are ways to prevent this from happening. Pre-employment checks are an act where the company will check whether the candidates have the qualification for employment, this way they will know whether the candidates have revealed important information about themselves. National Security Vetting determines whether the candidate is suitable to be given the access to sensitive information which can be valuable to the rival company. This process is usually included in the pre-employment checks.There are also responsibilities for each of some roles that involved in personnel security. Director has to make known and maintain policy guidelines for personnel security, decide the security access requirements and ensure that all the employees have been check into on their background and trained. Information Security Officer prepares the personnel security policy, monitoring the policy, and ensures that all the staffs are trained in computer security responsibilities. Supervisor need to speak with the user about the securitys requirements, monitor the policy, ensures that all the staffs are trained in computer security responsibilities, informs ISO when the staffs access need to be removed, tracking the staffs accounts when they create or delete the account. System Security Officer monitor compliance with the security policy, have the authority to delete systems password if th e employee no longer need access, tracking users and their authorizations. Users need to understand their responsibilities, use the information for only certain events, response quickly by informing the supervisor if there is intruder access the data and abused the information.Privacy issues in the company are also personnel issues. government is also responsible of the privacy of the staffs, because all the staffs records are kept in the organization. Personnel records cannot be seen by other staffs or outsider without the holders permission. Social Security Numbers are not allowed to become private password like email password. Eavesdropping needs to be limited, eavesdropping to the telephone conversation and voicemail are not allowed. monitor is allowed as long as the purpose is to keep the employees work, employees need to be informed early that they will be monitored. Medical records and background information are confidential no one can access them without permission excludin g the holders themselves. corporeal security issues in Information security corporeal security is a security that focuses on protecting the information, personnel, hardware and programs from physical threats. Threat that can cause a lot of damage to the enterprise or building is also things that need to be aware in physical security, for example, innate(p) disaster, vandalism, and terrorism. Physical security can be intruded by a non technical intruder.There are a lot of ways to protect from physical threats. Security can be hardened by putting difficult obstacles for the intruder including multiple locks, fencing, walls and fireproof safes. Putting supervisions like heat sensors, smoke detectors, intrusion detectors, alarms and cameras. There are key areas that need to be focused on. In facility security, they are entry points, data center, user environments, access control and monitoring devices, guard personnel and also wiring closet. For the company staff and the visitor, they need to be focused on control and accountability, use of equipment, awareness, security procedure compliance. Workstations, servers, backup media, and mobile devices need to be protected. Control, storage and disposal of information also need to be focused on.Physical security also issues hospitality industries. Example of hospitality industries are resorts, hotels, clubs, hospitals and also many other things. Physical threats that occurred in these industries are mainly theft, followed by assault, burglary, auto theft, robbery and sexual assault. If these industries experience this kind of threats, the industries can contribute to poor public relations.Company like IBM also offers physical and IT security. IBM Internet security Systems (ISS) products secure IT infrastructure with threat and vulnerability management, enabling business continuity and cost-effective processes. IBM integrate video surveillance and analytic technologies, the products can help reduce time and cost to co llect and store video and it also enable analysis of surveillance data. IBM also provide products for intrusion prevention, mail security protection of pass infrastructure, and also security intelligence which provide information about the threats that can affect the network.Cyber forensic incident responseOne of the primary objectives in incident response plan is to contain the damage, investigate what happen, and prevent it from happening again in the future. It is a bit the same as computer forensic because they need to reduce the damage and investigate the cause of it. By understanding how the data is accessed and stored can be the key to find the evidence that someone has tried to hide, erase, or destroy. The investigator needs to take care of their evidence, make sure that it is not lost, destroyed or changed.

Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Identification

shopping center Cerebral Artery Aneurysm IdentificationMiddle cerebral artery is a actually greens site for aneurysm formation. MCA aneurysms represent 18-40 of exclusively intracranial aneurysms. MCAAS ar commonly divided into three assemblages proximal (M1As), bifurcation (MbifAs), or distal (MdistAs) aneurysms. Each group presents with distinct anatomic features that reserve an impact on their management. delegate MCAAs into a particular group can roughtimes be difficult since the length and caliber of the M1 discussion section often varies and there may be two or more major branching sites on its course. This has led to fallacies in sub-grouping of MCAAs with resultant high variability in the reported frequencies of the different subgroups M1As (2 61%) and MbifAs (39 90%), of all MCAAs 2, 3, 5-8. Preoperative identification of MCA aneurysm ascendant either at the primary(prenominal) MCA bifurcation (Mbif) or at anformer(a) branching situation has a great implicat ion on surgical cookery as different groups of MCAAs pose different challenges to the neurosurgeon requiring different surgical strategies.In this report, we present our technique for perfect identification of the MCA main bifurcation from other branching take downs on MCA as a describe for a more accurate classification of MCA aneurysms. Furthermore we suggest an extension to the classic MCA classification. Also, we present the distri notwithstandingion of 1309 MCA aneurysms as a part of the queen-sizest CTA anatomic study, so far, for MCA aneurysms. Our aim is to help recognize the branching pattern of MCA with special dialect on the exact characterization of MCA main bifurcation.Patients and methodsPatients and radiological dataData were retrieved from a prospectively collected database that unbowed encompassed all patients with intracranial aneurysms admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at Helsinki University Central Hospital (catchment area, 1.8 million people). We set 1124 square patients with MCA aneurysms diagnosed mingled with 2000 and 2009. We excluded 115 patients from the study due to lack of adequate CTA (98 cases) or having non-saccular MCAAs (17 cases). The remaining 1009 patients with a contribute of 1309 saccular MCA aneurysms had adequate cerebral CTAs. The routine use of CTA (GE Lightspeed QX/i GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) started in the year 2000 and has been the basal imaging modality for cerebral aneurysms at our institution ever since. CTA is rapid, safe, readily available and can digest 3D reconstruction of vessels and bony structures. Each patients radiological images were stored in the hospitals central digital archiving system (PACS AGFA, IMPAX, version 4.5), launched in 1998, from which all of the relevant diagnostic images were recalled.NomenclatureFor each patient, pretreatment CTA images were evaluated and measured on screen (AGFA, IMPAX DS 3000). The MCA aneurysms were identified in each patient and cl assified according to the location of aneurysm neck in relation to the main MCA bifurcation (fig.6). MCA aneurysms were grouped into three groups M1As, aneurysms on the main trunk (M1) of the MCA, between the bifurcation of internal carotid artery (ICA) and the main MCA bifurcation MbifAs, aneurysms at the main MCA bifurcation MdistAs, aneurysms distal to main MCA bifurcation on M2, M3 or M4 separates. Then M1As were sub-grouped into 2 groups M1-ECBAs, aneurysms arising at the blood line of beforehand(predicate) cortical branches M1-LSAAs, aneurysms arising at the source of Lenticulostriate arteries. The M1-ECBAs comprised aneurysms arising at the job of proterozoic frontage branches (M1-EFBAs) and aneurysms arising at the origin of primeval impermanent role branches (M1-ETBAs).CTA for precise recognition of MCA main bifurcationFor kettle of fish of Mbif, we precisely examine the MCA branches in mesial views of CTA at the insular level and detect the insular short pa nts from statement and course then follow these trunks till their essential impact at the Mbif. This master copy examination must be correlated with examination of axial and coronal views for accurate confirmation. In some(a) cases with difficult branching and looping patterns, 3D reconstruction is necessary.CTA for accurate classification of aneurysms along MCA (figures 2-6)We examine the direction and course of the branches originating at the neck of the aneurysm in mesial views to know whether these branches are cortical or insular. Correlation with axial and coronal views and sometimes 3D reconstructions is necessary. Then we check the relation of this branching point to the MCA main bifurcation (the primary meeting point of insular trunks) for correct compartmentalization of the aneurysm.ResultsDemographicsThe mean age at diagnosis in our patient population was 54 years (range 13-89 y). The add up of women 690 (68%) doubled that of men 319 (32%). Aneurysms were more commo n on the Rt. MCA 732 aneurysms (56%) than on the lt. MCA 577 aneurysms (44%). In 466 (46%) Patients, there were one or more additional aneurysms totaling 1761 aneurysms. sort of MCA aneurysmsTable 1 shows the distribution of 1309 aneurysms along MCA. The subdue of aneurysms arising at the MCA main bifurcation (MbifAs) 829 (63%) doubled the total number of all aneurysms arising along M1 segment (M1As) 406 (31%). The distal MCA aneurysms (MdistAs) were the least frequent group only 74 (6%). virtually three quarters (77%) of ruptured MCA aneurysms and 57% of unruptured MCA aneurysms were turn up at the MCA bifurcation.Types of M1AsAneurysms arising along the main trunk of MCA (M1As) were grouped into 2 groups according the nature of the branches taking off at the base of the aneurysms. Among the 406 M1As, 242 (60%) aneurysms arose at the origin of early cortical branches from M1 segment (M1-ECBAs) while the remaining 164 (40%) M1As were non associated with early cortical branches but LSAs (M1-LSAAs). The aneurysms at the origin of early cortical branches (M1-ECBAs) comprised 178 aneurysms at the origin early frontal branches (M1-EFBAs) and 64 aneurysms at the origin of early temporal role branches (M1-ETBAs).DiscussionThe high variability in the reported frequencies of different groups of MCA aneurysms (M1As, 2-61% MbifAs, 39-90%)2, 3, 5-8 could be attributed to falsies in classification of these aneurysms and / or obtaining such incidences from excellent statistically unreliable series. In a trial to resolve this issue in a large statistically reliable non-selected group of MCAAs, We performed a retrospective anatomical reference study of CTAs for consecutive 1009 patients with 1309 saccular MCAAs aneurysms. We tried to find and follow the objective characteristics of branching points along MCA to be more precise when classifying MCA aneurysms. In our previous MCA publications 1-4, 9we have followed the classic classification of MCA aneurysms. Recognizing the importance and the deceptive appearance of the early cortical branches, we have added an extension to the traditional classification by subdividing M1 aneurysms into M1-ECBAs and M1-LSAAs. This proofed helpful to keep attention to this previously underestimated group of aneurysms arising at the origin of early cortical branches (M1-ECBAs).Preoperative identification of MCA aneurysm origin either at the main bifurcation or at another branching point has an implication on surgical planning especially for ruptured MCAAs as different type of MCAAs poses different challenges to the neurosurgeon requiring different surgical strategy1-3. Also when selecting the pass catcher vessel for bypass surgery if indicated to compensate for an inevitable vascular compromise during securing the aneurysm.MCA is classically subdivided into 4 segments the sphenoidal (M1) segment extending from ICA bifurcation to the main MCA bifurcation where insular trunks (M2) begins and course over the insula ti ll the peri-insular sulci where the opercualar (M3) segments start and course till the squint-eyed surface of the brain in the sylvian fissure then continue as parasylvian (M4) segments whose distal extensions are sometimes called the terminal (M5) segments 10-13. Although Yasargil apply the main MCA bifurcation as the demarcation point between M1 and M2 segments, Rhoton used the MCA genu at the limen insulae as the demarcation point between M1 and M2 segments, hence he had prebifuration M1 and post bifurcation M18, 14.Aneurysms along MCA are classically divided into three groups proximal (M1As), bifurcation (MbifAs), or distal (MdistAs) aneurysms. It is evident that the identification of the MCA main bifurcation is the key for accurate classification and grouping of these aneurysms. Although MCA anatomy has been widely described in standard anatomy, neuroradiology, and neurosurgery textbooks8, 15-17, it is still not uncommon to mistaken the identification of the main MCA bifurcat ion from other branching points along the main trunk of MCA peculiarly those associated with a large-caliber cortical branch. This misconception led to wide range of the reported length of MCA main trunk (0 -30 mm) and large differences in the reported relative frequency of M1As (2 61%) and MbifAs (39 90%) between authers2, 3, 5-8.Accurate identification of the MCA main bifurcationCrompton named the cortical branches arising from M1 segment proximal to MCA bifurcation as early branches. Yasargil and colleagues defined the origin of the large cortical branches arising proximal to the around lateral LSAs as ( sullen early bifurcation) and declared that aneurysms arising at this region of M1 could be mistakenly diagnosed as MCA bifurcation aneurysms. They stressed the importance of the LSAs in defining the site of the main bifurcation as the main bifurcation is usually find distal to the origin of LSAs 8, 12, 13. These early cortical branches are found in nearly 85 to 90% of hemis pheres 14.In the anatomical study for the early branches of MCA, Rhoton and colleagues found that the early branches arising on the proximal half of the main trunk of MCA resembled postbifurcation trunks of M1 in some aspects with possibility of being misinterpreted as postbifurcation trunks of the M1 leading to false localization of the main bifurcation. They could identify LSAs on M1 segment distal to the origin of these early branches. MCA main bifurcation was identified proximal to the genu in 82%, at the level of genu in 8%, and distal to the genu in 10% of hemispheres 14.It is obvious that the exact identification of MCA main bifurcation is the key for correct screen of aneurysms along the MCA. It is popular to subjectively accept a branching point close to MCA genu bounteous rise to the largest branches as the MCA main bifurcation. It is also not uncommon to feel more internal bureau when such a branching point holds an aneurysm to consider it as MCA main bifurcation. This might be correct in the majority of cases but unfortunately it would be misleading in some cases.The liking for identification of the main MCA bifurcation (Mbif) accurately is to find a constant criterion for Mbif which can be used as a hallmark for identification of Mbif from other branching points along the MCA with high certainity. Keeping into take heed that Mbif might share some characteristics (like size of out-coming branches, location in relation to MCA genu and relation to LSAs) with other branching points along MCA preclude accepting any of these characteristics as a hallmark for Mbif.The fact that all insular trunks (M2s) authentically originate from one point that is the MCA main bifurcation, means that the primary meeting point of all insular trunks (M2s) can be considered as a hallmark for Mbif. So, simply by identifying the insular trunks and following them proximally till their original meeting into one point, the Mbif can be localized accurately and with certaint y. Insular (M2) trunks cannot be identified by being the largest branches as early cortical branches are sometimes of the same caliber or even larger than the actual M2 trunks. M2 trunks run along the insula from the limen insula for a variable distance taking the superior and posterior directions. So by observing the direction and course of each of the branches originating from the MCA trunk in sagittal, coronal and axial CTA views, it go out be easy to identify the insular trunks and to follow them proximally till their authentic meeting at the Mbif.In fewer words, considering that the main MCA bifurcation is not always distal to the origin of LSAs or always proximal or at the genu, but it always gives insular trunks (M2s) means that identification of the primary starting signal point of these insular trunks will guide to the main MCA bifurcation. These insular trunks should be recognise by their course over the insula for variable distance not by their size as some early corti cal branches might be of similar or even larger size.Among all the aneurysms arising along MCA, those aneurysms arising from M1 segment at the origin of early cortical branches (ECB) are more likely to be misdiagnosed as a bifurcation aneurysm especially when the cortical branch is large and arises close to the MCA genu. The fact that early temporal branch becomes smaller as it arises closer to genu14means that it would not be common to misinterpret an aneurysm arising at the origin of an early temporal branch as a bifurcation aneurysm even if it is close to genu. at that place is no relation between the size of EFB and its distance from the genu. In angiograms, such large frontal branches catch very similar to post bifurcation M2 trunks. This shows understandably how some aneurysms arising at the origin of large early frontal branches (EFB) could be, if enough attention was not paid, misclassified as MCA bifurcation aneurysm especially when close to the MCA genu.Ulm et al.7 unexp ectedly found, in their anatomical retrospective study of MCAAs with special emphasis on those aneurysms arising from M1 at the origin of early cortical branches, that M1As arising at the neck of EFB were more common than MbifAs and they claimed that many of EFB aneurysms were misclassified as early MbifAs reasoning why MbifAs were reported in previous pubilcations to be the well-nigh common location for MCAAs. This was contrary to our and general experience of Mbif being the most common location for MCAAs 1-5, 13, 18.During this study, it was easy to sort some aneurysms along MCA, such as a small aneurysm at the origin of LSAs close to ICA bifurcation or a small aneurysm along M4 segment, precisely from the first look. Unfortunately, the biggest percentage of MCA aneurysms arose close to the MCA genu at some branching points which included early cortical branches, MCA main bifurcation and early furcation of M2 branches. This necessitated a lot of work to discriminate between these branches for precise sorting of MCA aneurysms. Moreover, some morphological characteristics of the aneurysms, such as large aneurysm size and complex projections, added to the difficulty for square-toed distinguishing of these branches. The task was more difficult for ruptured MCA aneurysms especially when associated with large ICH distorting the anatomy. On the other hand the availability of the 3D reconstructions, which made it possible to examine the aneurysms and MCA branches from different angles, together with the classic CTA views paved the way to accomplish our goal for sorting MCA aneurysms accurately with high degree of certainty.The present work shows, in harmony with our previous publications (table 3), that MCA bifurcation is the most common location for aneurysms along the MCA. The number of MbifAs 829 (63%) doubled the total number of all M1As 406 (31%) including those aneurysms arising at the origin of LSAs and those at the origin of ECBs. MCA bifurcation aneurysm s comprised 77% of ruptured MCA aneurysms and 57% of unruptured MCA aneurysms. Among the 406 M1As, 178 (44%) aneurysms arose at the origin of early frontal branches (M1-EFBAs). The diameter of the associated early frontal branch was half the diameter of M1 in 106 (60%) cases. We assume that such aneurysms, without wieldful examination, might be misclassified as MbifAs especially when the associated large EFB is close to the genu of MCA. Early temporal branches were associated with 64 (16%) aneurysms (M1-ETBAs). The remaining 164 (40%) M1As were not associated with early cortical branches but with LSAs (M1-LSAAs). (Table 2)At the end of this study we realized that many M1 aneurysms arising at the origin of large early cortical branches especially EFB could be sometimes misclassified as MbifAs, but Mbif is still the most common location for aneurysms along MCA. We agree with Ulm et al 7 for the possibility to mistaken EFB aneurysms as bifurcation aneurysms if much care was not paid, but we assume that their surprising results of EFB being the most common location for MCAAs came from the small number of the cases included in their study. (Table 4)ConclusionCareful objective analysis of MCA branching pattern from preoperative CTA is very important to understand patient-specific vascular anatomy which aids the surgeon to successfully exclude MCAAs from the circulation while preserving the environ vasculature. Although many M1 aneurysms arising at the origin of large early cortical branches especially EFB could have been misclassified as MbifAs in previous reports, Mbif is still the most common location for aneurysms along MCA.Figures legendsFig. 1 Identification of MCA main bifurcationCTA images (A sagittal, B coronal C axial D 3D reconstruction) demonstrating an early cortical branch aneurysm (white arrow) arising at the origin of an early frontal branch (green arrow) proximal to the main MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) which gives frontal (red arrow) and temp oral (blue arrow) M2 trunks. The MCA main bifurcation (yellow arrow) is locate at the genu. The accompanying diagrams (E, F G) display how to accurately identify the main MCA bifurcation from other branching points along MCA just by following the insular branches back towards their primary meeting at one point that is the MCA main bifurcation. We are used to start the check in sagittal views then to confirm by rechecking the axial and coronal CTA views. 3D reconstructions are sometimes needed.Fig. 2CTA images (A axial, B coronal, C sagittal the same 3D reconstruction views (D, E F respectively) demonstrating an early cortical branch aneurysm (white arrows) arising at the origin of a large early frontal cortical branch (green arrow) just proximal to the right MCA genu. such an aneurysm can be subjectively misclassified as an MCA bifurcation aneurysm especially in coronal views, but in sagittal and axial views, the frontal branch (green arrow) is seen running anteriorly and supe riorly away from the insula. Also, the right MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) is clearly seen distal to the genu giving frontal (red arrow) and temporal (blue arrow) insular trunks.Fig. 3CTA images (A axial, B coronal, C sagittal D 3D reconstruction) demonstrating an aneurysm (white arrow) arising at the main MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) which gives frontal (red arrow) and temporal (blue arrow) M2 trunks. Notice the frontal cortical branch (green arrow) arising from the frontal M2 trunk (red arrow). The MCA main bifurcation (yellow arrow) is located proximal to genu.Fig. 4CTA images (A axial, B coronal C sagittal) demonstrating an early cortical branch aneurysm (white arrow) arising at the origin of an early frontal branch (green arrow) proximal to the main MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) which gives frontal (red arrow) and temporal (blue arrow) M2 trunks. The MCA main bifurcation (yellow arrow) is located proximal to genu.Fig. 5CTA images (A axial, B coronal, C sagittal D 3D reco nstruction) demonstrating an early cortical branch aneurysm (white arrow) arising at the origin of an early temporal branch (green arrow) proximal to the main MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) which gives frontal (red arrow) and temporal (blue arrow) M2 trunks. The MCA main bifurcation (yellow arrow) is located at genu.Fig. 6CTA images (A axial, B coronal C sagittal) demonstrating a distal MCA aneurysm (white arrow) arising at the takeoff of a frontal cortical branch (green arrow) from the left frontal M2 trunk (red arrow) distal to the main MCA bifurcation (yellow arrow) which gives frontal (red arrow) and temporal (blue arrow) M2 trunks. The MCA main bifurcation (yellow arrow) is located proximal to genu.