Gender relations after WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender relations later on WWII - Essay frameworkIn the World War Two, women started doing more industrial jobs and even participated in the military actions in the comportment line. Before the war, men were considered as the breadwinners who need to work outside the homes, while the womens role was contained at bottom the confines of the house. However, as some sixteen million males were enlisted or were drafted into the military, employers recruited women to fill the roles on the concourse lines of what were referred to, as essential industry opportunities. (Bryant 2009). During the war, there was also the need for heightened production from the industries to support the war efforts, and with unaccompanied minimal men available to fill the vacancies, women were recruited in large lists and were encouraged to play big roles outside their homes. Even various propagandas were carried out thorough mediums including print, radio, films, etc., to entice women to join the workforce . However, there was a convey and that mainly conduct to some opposition, resulting in the changing of gender relations after the War. That is, womens employment was that encouraged as long as the war was on. Once the war was over, federal and civilian policies replaced women workers with men. (PBS). With the externalize of handing over the jobs to the returning men, the women were restricted from continuing in their jobs and importantly encouraged to take over their family roles. That is, after the war, there was a strong reassertion of long-established gender roles, with the running(a) women asked to return to their homes, so they can rebuild and stabilize their families, as many families suffered some form of disruption due to the war. Motherhood lay at the centre of stigmatise-war constructions of femininity, bolstered by theories of the damage suffered by children deprived of mothering, while men were constructed as breadwinners. (Pears). Although sizable number of worki ng women left their jobs and returned to their traditional roles inside their homes after the war, other sections of the women wanted to push in their jobs. They matt-up liberated and also socially as well as financially independent because of the jobs, and wanted to continue in the same path. Thus, the women who were supposed to give back the jobs to the men started resisting because of their new found positive status. This led to gender confrontation, as the returning soldiers faced a lot of difficulties in finding jobs in post war societies in European countries and United States of America. After serving the country, the men expected jobs and comfort in their homes. However, with women wanting to continue in their jobs, they faced difficulties in both the fronts. This led to confrontation between the genders in both at the home and at the workplace. Due to the growing influence of the women, men felt imperil and they responded with harassment and discrimination against the wom en. The independence given to women during the war and its removal with the advent of the returning men, had a authorised effect on gender relations (Study World). This scenario also laid the seeds for the raise of Women rights movements in various countries. With working women being confined to their homes, the women

Speech on racism Essay Example for Free

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Phil .Literature Essay Example for Free

Phil .Literature Essay Philippine literary production during the the Statesn Period in the Philippines was spurred by deuce significant knowledges in education and culture. One is the introduction of free public instruction for t bulge ensemble children of check age and two, the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools. Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater number of Philippines. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined a proficient number of educated masses who became part of the countrys middle illuminate. The use of English as medium of instruction introduced Philippines to Anglo-the Statesn modes of thought, culture and life ways that would be embedded not only in the hands produced but also in the psyche of the countrys educated class. It was this educated class that would be the wellspring of a vibrant Philippine Literat ure in English. Philippine literature in English, as a direct result of American colonization of the country, could not escape being apish of American models of writing especially during its stopover of apprenticeship.The verse written by advance(prenominal) poets manifested studied attempts at versification as in the following poem which is proof of the poets rather elementary exercise in the English language Vacation daylights at last are here, And we have time for pleasure so dear, All boys and girls do gladly cheer, This welcomed season of the year. In early June in school well bear A harder task shall we complete And if we fail we must repeat That self same task without retreat. We entirely rest to come again To school where boys and girls obtain The Creators gift to men Whose cherry hopes in us remain. Vacation means a time for playFor young and old in night and day My wish for all is to be gay, And evil none lead you astray- Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, m ay 9, 1909 The poem was anthologized in the offshoot collection of poetry in English, Filipino Poetry, edited by Rodolfo Dato (1909 1924). Among the poets have in this anthology were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and many former(a)s.An otherwise anthology, The English German Anthology of Poetsedited by Pablo Laslo was published and cover poets published from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war collection of poetry was edited by Carlos Bulosan, Chorus for America Six Philippine Poets. The six poets in this collection were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zuluet a da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C. B. Rigor, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan.In simile, the plosive speech sound of apprenticeship in literary writing in English is marked by imitation of the style of account statementtelling and strict adherence to the finesse of the unforesightful story as practiced by popular American fictionists. Early short story writers in English were often dubbed as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his study of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 points to these models of American fiction exerting profound exercise on the early writings of story writers like Francisco Arcellana, A.E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . When the University of the Philippines was founded in 1908, an elite group of writers in English began to exert influence among the culturati. The U. P. Writers Club founded in 1926, had stated that one of its aims was to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare. In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, utter Stars was published and was made the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino writer in English. Soon after Benitez, short story writers began publishing stories no longer imitative of American models.Thus, story writers like Icasiano Calalang, A. E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla began publishing stories manifesting both(prenominal) skilled use of the language and a keen Filipino sensibility. This combination of writing in a borrowed tongue while dwelling on Filipino customs and traditions earmarked the literary output of major Filipino fictionists in English during the American period. Thus, the major novels of the period, much(prenominal) as the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His Native earth by Juan C.Laya, are discourses on cultural identity, nationhood and being Filipino done in the English language. Stories such as How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla scanned the scenery as well as the folkways of Ilocandia while N. V. M. Gonzaless novels and stories such as Children of the Ash Covered Loam, present the panorama of Mindoro, in all its customs and traditions while configuring its characters in the human dilemma of nostalgia and poverty.Apart from Arguilla and Gonzales, noted fictionists during the period included Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa lauded as a genius storyteller, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself wrote several short stories but devoted most of his time to poetry. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was organized, Filipino writers in English began discussing the value of literature in society. Initiated and led by Salvador P.Lopez, whose essays on Literature and Societyprovoked debates, the discussion centered on proletarian literature, i. e. , engaged or committed literature versus the art for ar ts sake literary orientation. But this discussion curiously left out the issue of colonialism and colonial literature and the whole place of literary writing in English below a colonial set-up that was the Philippines then. With Salvador P. Lopez, the essay in English gained the upper hand in day to day discourse on politics and governance. Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M.Recto, slowly started development English in the discussion of current events even as newspaper dailies moved away from Spanish reporting into English. Among the essayists, Federico Mangahas had an easy facility with the language and the essay as genre. Other noted essayists during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. On the other hand, the flowering of a vibrant literary tradition due to historical events did not on the whole hamper literary production in the native or indigenous languages.In fact, the early period of the 20th one C was unparalleled for t he significant literary output of all major languages in the versatile literary genre. It was during the early American period that seditious plays, using the form of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,Juan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the classics like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all directed against the American imperialists. Patricio Marianos Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyess Walang Sugat are equally remarkable zarsuwelas staged during the period.On the eve of World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would gain dominance in theater through his one-act plays which he toured through his mobile theatre. Thus, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken Housebecame very popular in campuses throughout the archipelago. The novel in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon also developed during the period aided largely by the sozzled publication of weekly magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya wh ich serialized the novels. Among the early Tagalog novelists of the 20th century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pena, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K.Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amados Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa published in 1909 was one of the earliest novels that dealt with the ancestor of American imperialism in the Philippines. The novel, however, was not released from the stamp press until 1916, at which time, the author, by his own admission and after having been sent as a pensionado to the U. S. , had other ideas apart from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Penas Nena at Neneng narrates the story of two women who happened to be best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the men in their lives.Nena succeeds in her married life while Neneng suffers from a stormy unification because of her jealous husband. Faustino Aguilar published Pinaglahuan, a love triangle set in the early years of the century when the workers movement was being make. The novels hero, Luis Gatbuhay, is a worker in a printery who isimprisoned for a chimerical accusation and loses his love, Danding, to his rival Rojalde, son of a wealthy capitalist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has almost the same theme and motif as the hero of the novel, Delfin, also falls in love with a rich woman, missy of a wealthy landlord.The love story of course is set also within the background of development of the workers trade union movement and throughout the novel, Santos engages the readers in lengthy treatises and discourses on socialism and capitalism. many an(prenominal) other Tagalog novelists wrote on variations of the same theme, i. e. , the interplay of fate, love and social justice. Among these writers are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez.Many of these writers were able to produce three or more novels as Soledad Reyes wo uld bear out in her book which is the result of her dissertation, Ang Nobelang Tagalog (1979). Among the Iloko writers, noted novelists were Leon Pichay, who was also the regions poet laureate then, Hermogenes Belen, and Mena Pecson Crisologo whose Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko magnetic variation of a Noli me Tangere. In the Visayas, Magdalena Jalandoni and Ramon Muzones would lead most writers in writing the novels that dwelt on the themes of love, courtship, life in the farmlands, and other social upheavals of the period.Marcel Navarra wrote stories and novels in Sugbuhanon. Poetry in all languages continued to flourish in all regions of the country during the American period. The Tagalogs, hailing Francisco F. Balagtas as the nations foremost poet invented the balagtasan in his honor. Thebalagtasan is a debate in verse, a poetical joust done almost spontaneously between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. The first balagtasan was held in March 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Jose Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes as rivals, bubuyog (bee) and paru-paro (butterfly) aiming for the love of kampupot (jasmine).It was during this balagtasan that Jose Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Batute, emerged triumphant to give-up the ghost the first king of the Balagtasan. Jose Corazon de Jesus was the finest master of the genre. He was later followed by balagtasistas, Emilio Mar Antonio and Crescenciano Marquez, who also became nance of the Balagtasan in their own time. As Huseng Batute, de Jesus also produced the finest poems and lyrics during the period. His debates with Amado V. Hernandez on the political issue of independence from America and nationhood were mostly done in verse and are testament to the vitality of Tagalog poetry during the era.Lope K. Santos, epical poem, Ang Panggingera is also proof of how poets of the period have come to master the language to be able to retell it into effect ive poetry. The balagtasan would be echoed as a poetical fiesta and would be duplicated in the Ilocos as thebukanegan, in honor of Pedro Bukaneg, the supposed transcriber of the epic, Biag ni Lam-ang and theCrissottan, in Pampanga, in honor of the esteemed poet of the Pampango, Juan Crisostomo Sotto. In 1932, Alejandro G. Abadilla , arm with new criticism and an orientation onmodernist poetry would taunt traditional Tagalog poetics with the publication of his poem, Ako ang Daigdig. Abadillas poetry began the era of modernism in Tagalog poetry, a departure from the traditional rhymed, measured and orally recited poems. Modernist poetry which utilised free or blank verses was intended more for silent reading than oral delivery. Noted poets in Tagalog during the American period were Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Florentino Collantes, Pedro Gatmaitan, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Benigno Ramos, Inigo Ed. Regalado, Ildefonso Santos, Lope K.Santos, Aniceto Silvestre, Emilio Mar.Antonio, Alejandro Abad illa and Teodoro Agoncillo. Like the writers in English who formed themselves into organizations, Tagalog writers also formed the Ilaw at Panitik, and held discussions and workshops on the value of literature in society. Benigno Ramos, was one of the most politicized poets of the period as he aligned himself with the peasants of the Sakdal Movement. Fiction in Tagalog as well as in the other languages of the regions developed on base the novel. Most fictionists are also novelists.Brigido Batungbakal , Macario Pineda and other writers chose to dwell on the vicissitudes of life in a changing rural landscape. Deogracias Del Rosario on the other hand, chose the city and the emerging social elite as subjects of his stories. He is considered the get of the modern short story in Tagalog Among the more popular fictionists who emerged during the period are two women writers, Liwayway Arceo and Genoveva Edroza Matute, considered forerunners in the use of light fiction, a kind of story tell ing that uses language through poignant rendition.Genoveva Edroza Matutes Akoy Isang Tinig and Liwayway Arceos Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa have been used as models of fine writing in Filipino by teachers of composition throughout the school system. Teodoro Agoncillos anthology 25 Pinakamahusay na Maiikling Kuwento (1945) included the foremost writers of fiction in the pre-war era.The separate, yet parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in Tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during the American period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate are able to survive mainly through the active imagination of writers. Apparently, what was lacking during the period was for the writers in the various languages to come together, share experiences and come to a conclusion on the elements that constitute good writing in the Philippines.

Textual analysis of Glamour Girls Essay Example for Free

Textual analysis of ravish Girls EssayOne example of a convention utilise in many documentaries which is seen in charm Girls is voyeurism. This is use because the audition argon made to look in on well-nighthing which they wouldnt usually do such(prenominal) as the models being filmed while on their photo shoots. This leads to another example utilize in magnetise Girls being the location. There be shots of the locations use in the documentary because it shows the reality of what being a glamour girl is like. There atomic number 18 many talking head shots used in interviews because they are confessional and is used to also show what the girls are like compared to what they are perceived as.Glamour Girls explores the issues of body get a line and the ideology of beauty. This emphasis the way that body image is an important part of the Glamour Girls lifestyles. This leads the documentary to explore the lifestyles of the models, getting up close and personal to show the r eality of modeling to the audience.The message given to the audience in Glamour Girls is that to be a model, you have to be size zero. It also shows that the industry is genuinely harsh to models, especially if they arent thin enough or because of the way they look.The female voice over is used in Glamour Girls reinforces the target audience which makes the documentary shown as a more than feminine domain. This is because females are more wary as to what they look like and they compare themselves to girls which they see in magazines.Conflict is used to attract the audience because it shows the way the glamour girls compete against each other to look the best. This puts pressure on the girls because they want to look the best out of other glamour girls.During the title sequence, the female voice-over makes the preferred signification obvious because they show found images from archives. The way in which the titles attract a younger audience to get a line the documentary is the us e of young dance music which is popular within the younger audiences.The main locations used in the documentary which are used intromit the shoots because it shows the main part of being a glamour girl. There are shots of the main office of the modeling agency to show what happens and what they do. One shot used is on a beach. This reinforces the theme of sex because of the way the glamour girls are posing.During the documentary, there are some visuals which are black and white. These are used because it shows the past and what happened before the shoots. It also shows the progression of time.There are different ways in which the characters in the documentary have been created through camera and editing include showing close ups of beauty products. Another way is through the panning shot of the body. Both of these examples reinforces the idea of having to be thin and beautiful to be seen as a glamour model.The age represented in Glamour Girls makes the documentary shown as more ext reme because of the way in which they reference the age of the girls seen on the show. This makes more of the younger viewers worry about what they look like because of the age of the models.Experts are used in the show because they tell you what you have to do to be a glamour model and give you an insight as to what it is like to be a glamour model. Because they are shown as the experts on the documentary, they are seen as trustworthy while being instructive.Glamour Girls, and other documentaries in the same style, are more satisfying for BBC3 to broadcast because of the audience which are more drawn to the channel. It is also seen as more of an entertainment or else than serious which is seen more on channel4. These types of programs have more fashion style images and themes.

Decision Making Evaluation Paper Essay Example for Free

Decision making paygrade Paper EssayRe-organization and Layoff Decision Making Evaluation Paper Management has many changes they adjust to daily. just about of the changes come from firing and lay-off employees. When these changes do take place they can change how the organization develops. Management depart have to be able to handle change and still keep the organization developing in a positive direction. According to Work Systems (20150, Selecting and implementing significant change is one of the most challenging undertakings that see an organization (2015). It is vital to an organization to have properly trained management to handle these issues Recommendation from both creative solutions identified from week 4 Why the solution would help the middle income customer (credible sources) for contain Business decision should make based on solutionWhen an organization is considering layoffs the first thing they should do is decide whether the layoffs are necessary and can they d o it legally. Then consider other resources for example, hiring freeze or no pay raises and promotions. They can also reduce authorized overtime, pay cuts, teleworking, and other cost cutting. Making sure you have solid legal grounds and have a legitimate business reason. virtually other steps organizations can take are reviewing actual policies and past practices, check written force out policies, check employment contracts, and review collective bargaining agreements. You can also consider offering rift or other termination benefits. By implementing some of these alternatives fewer works will question if a layoff is truly necessary.ReferencesGuerin, L. (n.d.). Making Layoff Decisions Nolo.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015, fromhttp//www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/making-layoff-decisions-29949.html Work Systems. (2015). Retrieved from httttp//worksystems.com/services/organizational_change.html

The Three Models Of Memory Essay Example for Free

The Three Models Of storehouse EssayMemory- Task 1Evaluate the usefulness of the trine rides of computer storage (multi-store model, working memory model and the levels of touch on model) and discuss practical implications of memory research. Atkinson and Shiffrins Multi- store Model of Memory (1968) hypothesises that on that point atomic number 18 three stores for memory Sensory memory, short term memory (STM) and dour term memory (long-term memory). The theory states that a memory passes through all(prenominal) of the stores and that the importance of the memory determines which store the memory is kept in and so how long it is have goted. This relatively simple model is supported by evidence from free recall experiments and from studies performed on patients with brain damage such(prenominal) as HM. An example of a free recall experiment is Murdock (1962) in which participants were shown lists, of differing lengths, of words for a period of one entropy, they were consequently asked to recall as many words as possible. Murdock found that the words at the beginning, primary effect, and end, recency effect, were recalled more accurately than those in the middle. This is known as the serial position effect and proves that there are two separate stores from which the memories were recalled, which supports the multi-store memory models short and long memory stores. Studies on brain damaged patients like HM (Milner et al, 1978), who began to suffer from anterograde amnesia after most(prenominal) of his hippocampi were removed in an operation, overly support the working memory models theory that STM and long-term memory are separate stores. HM was able to recall memories from eleven years before the operation hitherto wasnt able to reckon who was president of the United States and forgot who he was talking to as soon as he turned a substance (Jenni Ogden, PhD, 2012). It is argued however that the multi-store memory model oversimplifies the rol es of the STM and long-term memory. Atkinson and Shiffren also failed to acknowledge the interaction mingled with stores something which Baddeley and Hitch (1974) dealt with in their workings Memory Model. The idea that simple rehearsal accounts for the transfer of a memory from the STM to the LTM was also criticised as this doesnt take into account important events for example a motorcar accident. Events such as this seem to immediately be stored in LTM again this is dealt with by some other memory model, Craik and Lockheart (1972) Levels of bear on. The working memory model also fails to recognise memory improvement techniques, for example the regularity of loci which uses points on an imaginary journey as away of memorising particular items.Despite accurately theorising that the LTM and STM are separate stores the multi-store memory model fails to account for many instances in which the flow of memory doesnt follow the three store route and although accurate at the clip, research has, over time, out date it. In contrast Baddeley and Hitchs (1974) Working Memory Model states that a Central Executive allocates resources and decides how attention is directed, although it doesnt bear any capacity it does hold memory long enough to direct attention. An Episodic Buffer then integrates the information and is used as a general storage space for acoustic and visual tips. The phonologic Loop holds and rehearses words and the Audio-Visual Sketchpad allows temporary holding of visual images. The intuitive Working Memory Model is furthest more complex than either the Multi-Store Model or the Levels of Processing and is high in face hardihood. The lustiness of each section of the Working Memory Model is supported through various different experiments such as Baddeley and Lewiss (1981) study into the importance of the articulatory loop. By asking participants whether or not a sentence was gistful, for example, the cow ate the grass or the bone ate the dog, u nder both normal conditions and when repeating something meaning slight to stop them from using their articulatory loop. Doing this effectively reduced recall in the latter results. This, Baddeley and Lewis claimed, supported their theory of a presence of an articulatory loop. In a study by Baddeley et al (1975) the phonologic loop was shown to be capable of holding two seconds of information. Baddeley et al (1975) asked participants to recall five dollar bill words in correct baffle. What the experiment demonstrated was that it was the length of the word and not the discreetness that firm recall. in time further studies have gone on to suggest that a determining factor is the time it takes to pronounce a word as opposed to its alphabetical length. James W. Stigler (1986) found in a study on digit memory in Chinese and English that children, used because they were less in all likelihood to have knowledge of memory improvement techniques, from China were more efficient at reme mbering be than their English speaking counterparts. This, Stigler theorises, is due to Chinese numbers being shorter to pronounce. The visuospatial scratchpad, referred to sometimes as the inner affection is what allows someone to remember shapes such as letters and visualise something that isnt there, for example, whether ornot your car would gather into a particular parking space. It depose also allow us to hold static images and master them, thus we are able to appreciate a layout of a particular area and find our way around (Psychology Resources, 2000). Logie (1995) argues that the visuo-spatial scratchpad is in fact far more complex and refers to it as the Visuo-spatial Working memory. This is supported by Baddeley and Lieberman (1980) whose pattern of results suggest that visuo-spatial working memory did indeed comprise a system that was involved in visuo-spatial retention, in visuo-spatial perception, and in motor control. The Working Memory Model is high in face validi ty and despite being far more complex than either the Multi- Store Model or Levels of Processing Model is reinforced by various experiments. These experiments clearly present the different sections the Working Memory Model.It also takes into account things the other models do not, for example, the Working Memory Model allows for memory to pass directly into LTM without rehearsal, something Multi-Store and Levels of Processing do not, events that are traumatic or massively significant do not postulate rehearsal and this is something the Working Model addresses. As well as this Baddeley and Lewiss model is highly applicable to echt world situations, for example, Baddeley et al (1975) showed the word length effect, a real world counterpart would be attempting to remember a shopping list. The only criticism of The Working Memory Model is the lack of information in regards to the Central Executive, however further investigation is required to discover what its capacity actually is. It is theorised that many accidents are caused by its limited capacity and that information on its exact capacity may have serious implication for accident control (Psychology Resources, 2000). Craik and Lockharts (1975) Levels of Processing Model focuses on the fermentes involved in memory kind of of the stores/ structures (McLeod, 2007). Craik and Lockhart (1975) took a non-structured approach to the memory model, this was as a result of the criticism garnered by Atkinson and Shiffrens earlier Working Memory Model.The chief idea behind the Levels of Processing Model is that memory is a result of process information and that length of memory is determined by the importance of the information, something referred to as sense of processing. Craik defined depth as the meaningfulness extracted from thestimulus alternatively than in terms of the number of analyses performed upon it.Orthographic processing is the simplest way in which we process information and thus, according to the mod el, the one which retains the least memory, it is also referred to as shallow processing. This when we consider the sensual features of, for example, a word. Craik and Tulvig (1975) demonstrated this by asking is this word in capital letters? this requires you to only process the word physically. Similarly to the Multi-Store Model maintenance rehearsal is also required in order to retain memories the Levels of Processing Model deems shallow.Medium processing or phonological processing as its sometimes called is the second level of processing. This Craik and Lockhart hypothesise takes into account the acoustic value of a word, this they argue is deeper processing than orthographic because it requires you to process a sound instead of an image. Craik and Tulvig (1975) again demonstrated this by asking does this word rhyme with ? this activates your phonological processing as you have to process the word acoustically (Psychology Resource, 2000).The deepest level of processing is what Craik and Lockhart describe as semantic processing. Semantic processing is described by Robert Gallo as allowing subjects to encode more unique features from each word relative to surface processing . . . additional conceptual or semantic features help to fork the studied items from each other, making these memories less susceptible to interference . . . . Semantic processing requires the use of meaning to process a word, Craig and Tulvig (1975) asked would this word fit into a sentence? Jane bought some for dinner in reply the question you would have to process the meaning.The basis of the model is quite simple, the more you process the memory, the more probable you are to remember it. However the model fails to explain why this is the case, meaning the model is descriptive rather than explanatory. The model was the first to suggest that process used have an effect on memory and has had implications on memory improvement techniques, for example, the Method of Loci is the proces s of placing things at variouspoints of a journey in order to make them more memorable, this is semantic processing. What there isnt is a way in which processing can be measured, Baddeley (1978) points out that well remembered events are attributed as deeply processed however because of this the argument that deep processing equals better recall is circular and thus cannot be tested (Psychology Resource, 2000).Memory research is crucial in many areas and none more so than in Eyewitness affirmation. This is a legal term that is oft used, and respected in a court of law. A jury can find witness testimony a reliable source of information however research into memory has shown that it may not be as reliable as previously thought. Elizabeth Loftus theorises that memory under any circumstances is subject to inaccuracy and that there are many wrongful convictions every year as a result of faulty eyewitness testimony. Loftus et al. (1987) showed subjects of slides of a customer in a rest aurant. In one version the customer was holding a gun, in the other the same person held a chequebook. Those who saw the gun version tended to focus on the gun. Thus they were less likely to identify the customer in a line-up as those who had seen the chequebook version. Clifford and Scott (1978) also supports Loftuss theory. They found after showing participants a film of a violent attack that recall was less than a control group who saw something less stressful and were able to recall 40 items of information. However this gun focus theory has been challenged by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) who found that witnesses to a real shooting in Canada had unique accurate memories of the event. This contradicts both Loftus et al (1987) and Clifford and Scott (1978). This leads us to believe that memory recall in stressful situations can be subject to very different levels of interpretation. Where Loftus et al (1987) shows us clearly that people focus on, potentially the most shocking item. Y uille and Cutshall (1986) challenge that by using a real event to show some may be able to recall accurately. However this only goes to highlight the radical differences seen in eyewitness testimony.ReferencesJenni Ogden, Ph.D. (2012). HM, the Man with No Memory.

The Chesapeake and New England regions Essay Example for Free

The Chesapeake and parvenue Eng repose regions EssayBy the 1700s the English came to the virgin World and sett conduct in The Chesapeake and New England regions. The lives of the state settled in these regions were centered on cardinal dissimilar lifestyles. Distinctive differences between these regions were in expectations, beliefs, and social cultures. The differences created a clear cut between northwestward and South. The wide gap between the development of The Chesapeake and New England regions was mainly because of the way their lives were centered. The Chesapeakes were geared around monetary profits and striking it rich, while New Englands focal point was about family and religious freedom. The Chesapeake region was settled in part to get rich quick, like what Captain John Smith said on that point was no talkbut dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold (Doc F). Life expectancy was low because the great unwashed only cared about gold. They barely took time to eat and take care of themselves. Diseases took its toll on the people of this region few people lived to the age of 50. Because of that many people grew up never knowing their grandparents, which led to no family values being taught. Women were scarce men outnumbered women six to one. In the Ships List of Emigrants Bound for Virginia on that point was about fifty star men and sixteen single women aboard. (Doc C) Governor Berkeley and His Council reported on their softness to def dismiss Virginia against a Dutch attack because one third of the freemen available for defense are single freemen whose labor will hardly maintain them. (Doc G) Many woman wound up pregnant forward marriage and many ended up widows having to raise a family as a single mother.The Chesapeake regions footing and weather was perfect for tobacco cultivation. They profited quickly with tobacco, but tobacco ruined the soil so they ever had to expand for more land to grow more tobacco. With the scarcity of people , the need for laborers was high. In the beginning bound servants were given passage and sometimes a small plot of land to come to the colony to work. formerly they were freemen most of them never received their land, which led to the Bacons Rebellion. To justify the rebellion, in Bacons Manifesto, he stated that the government and land owners were at fault for the rebellion for withholding the land and money they fully deserved and were promised. (Doc H) Then dismal slaves became thelabor source of the Chesapeakes. They were less rebellious and easily controlled according to the landowners. Racial discrimination developed with the idea that the blacks were made to serve. The social gap began to appear and widen causing much controversy in the area.On the other hand there was the New England region, where the people had a completely different view on life. The priority of this region was a family focus. In New England it was much cleaner, nicer, and cooler so there was particul ar disease and death. This increased the life expectancy by ten to twenty age, which helped create a die stable family life. People grew up knowing their grandparents, and widowhood was less common. In the Ships List of Emigrants Bound for New England approximately all of the emigrants were families of more then four. (Doc B) New Englanders tended to stay together as a family. Women married in their twenties and gave birth every two or so years. New England men had much business leader over the women because widowhood was less likely many women didnt have the same rights as they did in the south.Towns were centered on the community so they intended that the towns be composed of at least forty familiesrich and poor, and that everyone should have a share of meadow and a house lot. (Doc D) In every town there was a meetinghouse surrounded by house and a village green. A meetinghouse was used for community gatherings and a place of worship. Puritanism was very strong in the New Eng land region. The town recommended that all tradesmen consider the religious end of their callings and how they can and will be serving God. (Doc E) Education was of high importance towns of fifty families had to provide primitive education and towns of one hundred had to proved secondary education.They established their first college, Harvard College, only eight years after settlement unlike Virginias college, William and Mary, which took eighty years. New Englanders became great traders because they had a lack of soil and place area. Which made it less ethnically mixed because there was no need for black slave labor. fish and ship building were other main occupations of New England. Weather was extreme and rivers were fast-moving which contributed to their isolation from England. Because of this New England settler were very stern, stubborn, self-reliant, resourceful, and energetic.The English settling in America led to the development of The Chesapeake and New England regions. The final number from these settlers was two distinct societies. Although they came to the New World on the same voyage, they were more different than you could imagine. The Chesapeake region achieved their inquisition of wealth and maintained an upper class society. They kept slaves on their plantations, and built bigger and better homes for themselves. The New England region prospered within their families, freedom to practice their religion, and kept and enjoyed a simple life. They maintained the value of a proper education, and continued to teach their children scripture. As far as dreams go, both regions succeeded in fulfilling them. A northeastward and South of the New World were born.BibliographyHalcon, Ronald. AP US History Lecture. 2006