Controller Area Network Sensors: Applications in Automobiles

Controller Area Network Sensors: Applications in Automobiles 1: Introduction In this paper an overview on the Controller area network sensors and their real world application in the automobiles is presented to the reader. The fact that controller area networks employ various sensors and actuators to monitor the overall performance of a car (K.H. Johansson et al, 2001[1]), this paper focuses only on the sensors and their role in supporting the CAN performance. 2: Laser Speed Velocimetry (LSV) sensor The application of this sensor is present in the Reanult range of vehicles where the company is incorporating the LSV as an on-board sensor to measure ground speed with better than 0.1km/h accuracy (LM Info, 2006[2]). The LSV technology is an approach to measure ground speed of a moving automobile with greater accuracy thus ensuring better on the road performance as argued by K.H. Johansson et al (2001). The purpose of the technology is to measure real-time speed of an automobile at accuracy level of 0.1km/h.The technology behind the LSV system comprises of the sensor that continuously records the interference with the motion surface that is fed back to the controller in the system that measures the speed of the car. The diagram in fig 1 below explains the aforementioned effectively. The above is the schematic representation of the mounting of the LSV 065 sensor head (Source: www.polytech.com). The above diagram further clarifies that the use of the LSV system not only provides an effective and accurate measurement of the speed but also proves that the use of this system can provide an effective control over the performance and over the velocity of an automobile. The LSV systems from Polytech, the schematic for which was presented in this section â€Å"combine a sensor head, a controller and software into a rugged industrial package that makes precision measurements from standstill to speeds of more than 7,200 m/min in either direction† (LM INFOR Special Issue, 2006). 2: Braking System sensors and Speed sensors The ABS system utilizes multiple sensors to prevent the wheels from locking whilst braking at high speeds. The main sensors used in this set-up are 2.1: Speed sensor The speed sensor is the sensor that is fitted to each wheel of the automobile. The purpose of the sensor is to identify the wheel slip whilst braking which is then fed back to the ABS controller unit to control. The speed sensor records the speed of the rotation of the wheel and when one or more of the wheels are recorded to be rotating at a considerably lower speed then the ABS control unit reduces the pressure on the pressure valves thus ensuring that the braking does not lock the wheel. The speed sensor equipment comprises of various models and can be mounted on different positions of an automobile in facilitating the measurement of the speed. The application of the speed sensor in the ABS is one of the many applications of speed measurement. The ECM method of measuring the speed using speed sensors is increasingly popular as part of the ABS technology. It is also argued as the later version of ABS that overcomes the fundamental sensor positioning related flaws in the ABS system. The ECM uses the Pulse Code Modulation technique to communicate with the sensor and the control system of the Controller Area Network of the automobile. From the figure above it is clear that the ECM plays a critical role as the controller to capture the sensor signals and transmit to the master controller area network Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for overall control of the automobile. It is also evident that the sensor plays a vital role in the speed measurement and efficient operation of the ABS braking system. The fundamental difference between the VSS and the WSS is that the VSS is part of the controller area network and is connected directly to the ECU of the network whilst the WSS feeds into the ABS controller unit that is connected to the CAN of the car or automobile under consideration. The VSS is also a successful and flexible method for motorbikes and other two-wheeled vehicles as the mounting is simpler compared to the WSS mounting for ABS system that is popular in a car. The cases of VSS mounted in transaxle and the transmission serve effectively for the purpose of velocity measurement and also provides near accurate readings for the efficient speed control by the driver of the car or the rider of the bike. In the case of the VSS mounted in the transmission, the sensor sends a 4 pulse signal at regular intervals to the combination meter that then sends the signal to the ECU of the CAN in the car. The signal so sent is recorded as the speed and shown to the driver as the velocity of the car. This approach is more accurate to the traditional analogue approach to the speed measurement and management. The above schematic makes it clear that although the mounting of the sensor on the transaxle provides an efficient method of measuring velocity, the response of the sensor can be damaged due to the mechanical wear and tear that is directly associated with the transaxle in a car. The VSS mounted in the transmission is perceived to have resolved the issue through the mounting of the sensor near the core rotor and using a magnetic field to hold the sensor in position. This approach agreed to the more effective compared to the former where the mechanical wear and tear was a critical drawback to the overall performance of the system. The schematic mounting of the VSS in the transmission is presented in the fig 4 below. The above mounting schematic in the figure further justifies that the positioning of the sensor by the rotor will help measure the speed effectively and more accurately 3: Differential Hall effect Sensors Daniel Dwyer (2007)[3] argues that the differential Hall effect sensors are not only capable of accurately measuring speed but also providing the safety measures through effectively controlling the speed. The hall effect sensors utilize the fundamental principle behind the Hall Effect which is described as follows â€Å"When a bias voltage is applied to the silicon plate via two current contacts, an electric field is created and a current is forced.† †¦ Daniel Dwyer (2007). This principle is utilized in the gear tooth profiling and speed measurement through the gear tooth sensing both in the linear and the differential cases. The differential case is argued as a more successful element especially in case of the automatic transmission automobiles because of the need to effectively control the speed associated with the car. Another interesting element with the differential Hall-effect sensors is the fact that the sensor positioning is robust in nature and its wear and tear is minimal. The differential element sensing that is the key for the differential Hall effect sensors utilizes the fundamental Hall effect. Alongside the sensor also â€Å"eliminates the undesired effects of the back-biased field through the process of subtraction.† (Daniel Dwyer (2007). The differential baseline field for the sensor is made close to zero gauss since each of the two Hall elements in on the IC (the sensor) approximately see the same back-biased field as argued by Daniel Dwyer (2007). A schematic representation of the differential element sensing is presented in fig 5 below. The major feature of the Differential Hall effect sensor is the production in the form of an integrated circuit that can respond to the magnetic field interference and differential effects due to the change in speed and the gear tooth positioning in the magnetic field. The differential element sensing and the speed measurement is accomplished through the overall peak holding of the Integrated Circuit (IC) in the field. Although the traditional peak-detecting scheme could resolve the issue of peak holding, the sensor requires an external capacitor for peak holding in order to effectively control the overall automobile speed. Since a large gain is required to generate a signal strong enough to overcome the air gap in the case of the hall effect sensor especially in the drawbacks associated with the timing accuracy and duty cycle performance in the slope of the magnetic signal strength as argued by Daniel Dwyer (2007). From the above arguments it is clear that the Hall effect sensor is a successful but expensive sensor to perform measurements and be programmed as part of the overall CAN of the automobile. Thus to conclude the research in this paper the four sensors that were discussed include The Laser Speed Velocimetry (LSV) sensor and an insight on the LSV 065 module as an example. This sensor proves to be successful and accurate speed measurement equipment but the mounting and safety related elements pose a big drawback for its commercial application. The Wheel speed sensor for the ABS in an automobile was then discussed followed by the analysis of the Velocity Speed Sensor. Finally the Differential Hall Effect sensor was discussed in the research paper. This sensor on the other hand can be mounted easily in an automobile and can perform effectively to provide accurate measurements but has higher cost liability and maintenance requirements making it a secondary choice to the traditional VSS And WSS sensors used in most of the cars. Footnotes [1] K.H. Johansson et al, (2001), Vehicle Applications of Controller Area Network, ARTIST2 Network of Excellence on Embedded Systems Design, [2] LM: INFO (2006), Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A [3] Daniel Dwyer (2007), Differential Hall-effect sensors aid rotational speed control, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc

Obstacles In Team Dynamics Essay -- Teamwork

Obstacles in Team Dynamics Abstract Students face obstacles on a daily basis. These may include personal, financial obstacles or obstacles at work. There are many ways to deal with them, and due to human nature, they are dealt with uniquely. Working within a team environment brings its own obstacles. This paper will discuss obstacles in team dynamics and how to overcome them. Obstacles in Team Dynamics By the time people reach adulthood, they have gone through many obstacles in their lives. Perhaps an individual has been passed over at work, had someone close to them die, lost a job, or just lost direction. Those are some of life's many obstacles. As part of a group, there are obstacles that have to be overcome in a team environment. What are they and how does an individual get past the issues that arise in team dynamics? The prevalence of obstacles inserted into a team dynamic increases the likelihood that a team will fail in its mission. What is Team Dynamics? First, we will answer the question, "What is team dynamics?" "A team is defined as a group of two or more individuals engaged in some joint action with a specific mission or goal. Team dynamics are defined as the motivating and driving forces that propel a team toward its goal or mission." (Six Sigma Team Dynamics, The Elusive Key to Project Success). There is usually much diversity in a group. We have different ethnic backgrounds, intelligence, goalsÂ…. Humans in general are non-trusting. Building up trust in a team is not easy. No matter how hard he works, grades could still be low due to poor performance of another team member. Taking individual responsibility for everyone's grades is not an option. I have heard there is no "I" in t... ...g (1997). Learning to Work as a Team Player. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/EMTC/Insight/vol22/technique.html. Bayt.com. Tips to Succeeding as a Team Player. Retrieved March 21, 2007, from http://jobs14bayt.com/job/career-article-762.adp. Brown, Tom (1992). Why Teams Go Bust. Industry Week. Cleveland. 241 (5) 20. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from ProQuest database. Dearlove, Des (2002). The Secret of Teamwork; [Final 1 Edition]. The Times. London (UK). Aug 8, 2002, pg.7. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from ProQuest database. Ehlen, Dave (1994). Supporting High Performance Teams. Manage. Dayton. Nov 1994 46 (2) 32. Retrieved 18 March 2007, from ProQuest database. Six Sigma Team Dynamics, The Elusive Key to Project Success. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/71/04712227/0471222771.pdf

Fran Dorn :: essays research papers

Fran Dorn, the host of our video, is an intellectual person who holds a special appreciation for all forms of literature. She graduated with a master’s degree in theatre from a New York school and is now an actress who enjoys reading in her spare time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fran views each work of literature as a gift. She states that literature is very hard to define and that although each reader must find his or her own definition of literature, we can examine how and why literature works. Throughout the video, many views on literature are offered. Fran concludes that although literature comes in many forms, it must have a written quality to it. She believes that this creates a relationship between the author and the reader of the piece. As the reader makes his or her way through a piece of literature, Fran feels new worlds are opened and the reader is enriched through the experience of literature. All literature has meaning, but it means different things to each person because we each bring in different experiences. Fran concludes that literature has great meaning because it is written not only from the author’s mind, but also from the author’s heart; the whole person is involved in writing. I feel Fran would have us regard literature in the same way that she does. Fran desires for us to consider the meaning and value in each piece. She would like us to appreciate the value of literature and to discover the joy in it that she treasures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The critics on our videotape offer three different interpretations of Nicki Giovanni’s poem â€Å"Woman†. I found the first critic’s viewpoint to be the most reasonable, logical interpretation. Alvin Aubert, a professor of English at Wayne State University, feels that the poem was written in a satirical tone with an emphasis on how women are not taken seriously in the world today. However, he also concludes that at the end of the poem, the woman has decided to accept this. Even though she is not taken seriously as a woman, she will still continue to be a woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree with Aubert’s point of view because I feel there is evidence in the poem to support his interpretation. Throughout the poem, each time the woman wanted to be something, the man rejected that role for her, thus not taking her seriously, nor recognizing her value in that rule. Fran Dorn :: essays research papers Fran Dorn, the host of our video, is an intellectual person who holds a special appreciation for all forms of literature. She graduated with a master’s degree in theatre from a New York school and is now an actress who enjoys reading in her spare time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fran views each work of literature as a gift. She states that literature is very hard to define and that although each reader must find his or her own definition of literature, we can examine how and why literature works. Throughout the video, many views on literature are offered. Fran concludes that although literature comes in many forms, it must have a written quality to it. She believes that this creates a relationship between the author and the reader of the piece. As the reader makes his or her way through a piece of literature, Fran feels new worlds are opened and the reader is enriched through the experience of literature. All literature has meaning, but it means different things to each person because we each bring in different experiences. Fran concludes that literature has great meaning because it is written not only from the author’s mind, but also from the author’s heart; the whole person is involved in writing. I feel Fran would have us regard literature in the same way that she does. Fran desires for us to consider the meaning and value in each piece. She would like us to appreciate the value of literature and to discover the joy in it that she treasures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The critics on our videotape offer three different interpretations of Nicki Giovanni’s poem â€Å"Woman†. I found the first critic’s viewpoint to be the most reasonable, logical interpretation. Alvin Aubert, a professor of English at Wayne State University, feels that the poem was written in a satirical tone with an emphasis on how women are not taken seriously in the world today. However, he also concludes that at the end of the poem, the woman has decided to accept this. Even though she is not taken seriously as a woman, she will still continue to be a woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree with Aubert’s point of view because I feel there is evidence in the poem to support his interpretation. Throughout the poem, each time the woman wanted to be something, the man rejected that role for her, thus not taking her seriously, nor recognizing her value in that rule.

Should College Athletes Get Paid to Play Essay -- Argumentative Persua

Should College Athletes Get Paid to Play Forget about the game-winning touchdown, forget about the cheerleader girlfriend, and forget the pageantry. What about the hard earned money college athletes will never see and earned? In the world of college sports its win or go home, and to the winners go the spoils. Most successful college sports teams rake in millions of dollars in revenue. Steve Spurrier, the coach for the Florida Gators signed a six year contract where he would make a little over 2.5 million dollars a year not including certain benefits like a free car for his wife. So with the institutions and coaches getting rich off their player who is to say that the player does not deserve a share of the wealth? Most college athletes get around 200-250 dollars a month for living expenses and spending money, this is very small compared to the student who has time to work. Some people say that athletes get paid by having a scholarship but if you look at the ulterior motive behind scholarships I think people would change their minds. Coaches try to get players who they think have the talent to make them win and to persuade them to come to their school they try to give them scholarships. So the whole idea behind a scholarship is to lure the student to come to your school. Scholarships are j ust a recruitment tactic. Don’t confuse what I am saying though I don’t think college players should be making millions of dollars but there should be a set salary for all p...

Friendship: Meaning of Life and Friends Essay

What is a friend? According to Aristotle, a friend is a single sole dwelling in two bodies. People understand the concept of friendship differently, but there is one common ground for it. It is always built on a mutual sympathy. Friendship plays an important role in our lives, to a large extent. Friends can help you find the meaning of life by helping you overcome challenges. They are people in your life that care for you and they simple add joy and meaning to your life. In some cases it is short and finds its end quickly, while in other cases it may last for many years and grow stronger every year. True friendship is built on trust and mutual support. Your real friend will always find time to talk and try to find solutions to the hard problems you face every day. They are always there to help you and expect the same from you. Friends are psychologically comfortable with each other, and sometimes are emotionally closer than with their relatives. Friends help you overcome challenges you may face at times in your life. A special thing about friendship is that friends have the ability to do different things like simply talking something through and giving advice or physically helping you Sometimes friends find more comfort in each other rather than family because they might have the idea that there family might judge them, and there friend will tell it right. In difficult times, friends make you see things from a different point of view, allowing you to take time to reflect and examine the situation. Doing this it allows you to see another perspective of the situation and find another way to overcome your challenge. Not only do friends help you through situations, but they go about this through love. Friends are people in your life that love and care about you. They will not only help you through something but they are the ones that will always be there for you in those times of need. They care about you and how you feel and that is what makes them a true friend. A friend is someone who believes in you when you have yet to believe in yourself. They help you to find the meaning of life because they let you know that there is someone out there that cares for you and that you are valuable to someone else in this world. Friends are not only there to help you, but they also add fun, happiness and joy to life. They add fun, happiness and joy as you can relate to each other and share the same values about things. Through sharing the same values you are able to laugh and joke about things that you will both find funny as you share the same ideas. They can make you forget about any problems you have by simply having some fun. Friends can be your whole life as you revolve many things around them. You know you can trust them as much as they can trust you. Friends help us to not take everything in life too seriously and have a bit of fun by simply being in each other’s company. Friendship has great value in the meaning of life. It is one of the richest treasures of life. Friends help you overcome challenges and difficult times in your life, through talking and physically helping you. They are someone who knows you well and cares about you, so that everything they do for you and through love. When the crowd dies down after a crisis, your friends are the ones who are still active. Friends will sit with you in the hospital, be with you while you grieve, be available at a moment’s notice of crisis, come out to help in the middle of the night, stand up for you, lend a hand when there is work to be done, be loyal to you, have fun with you, make you laugh when you are sad etc etc†¦ and the list goes on. The most important thing about friendship is that it adds meaning and value to our lives.

How will your personal faith and beliefs contribute to Liberty’s mission to develop Christ- centered leaders? Essay

My personal faith and beliefs will contribute to Liberty’s mission to develop Christ- centered leaders in a number of ways. I am very passionate about worship and discipleship. I see my purpose in life as a chance to change lives through worship and discipleship, and to obey the calling that God has on my life. I believe it is my duty as a child of God to be the hands and feet of Christ no matter where that may lead me. I am passionate about worship because worship is a devotion, it is my heart cry, worship is the place where I really found God and fell in love with Him. It is where I feel closest to Him, I can express myself freely to God and He understands everything my heart tries to say. Worship for me is a battle. It is praying with a tune, it is standing in the gap for someone and calling them, out of darkness, into the light. It is pouring everything you have at the altar and surrendering to the Father, it is allowing the Father to draw near and consume your very being. Worship is pure, worship is love. Discipleship is extremely important to me because I want to be someone who embraces and assists in spreading God’s teaching to others, to help empower people to know, deeply and wholeheartedly, their God given gifts; to help them know that God has created them in His image that He has a plan for their life. I will combine with Liberty’s mission and my personal faith and beliefs to contribute a well thought out plan to enable each student to reach their goal in serving Christ and worshipping. My mission is the same as Liberty’s mission to help develop christ- centered leaders, through my worship, discipleship, and the full armor of God.

Buddhism history

There are various religions in the world which people follow for their spiritual quest. Buddhism is one of the religions and disciplines that some groups of people adhere. Buddhism branched out from Hinduism that is considered as the reformation movement of the religion. The founder of Buddhism is Siddharta Gautama who was born in the warrior caste of India known as the Shakya clan (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008). Born in leisure and luxury, Siddharta was shielded from the harsh realities of life and the suffering in life.One day when Siddharta made his rare trips outside the palace, he saw an old man, a sick man and a dead man which was his first encounter and witness personally the suffering of human life (Burns, 2009). After the mentioned experience, he decided to seek the truth that was hidden from him his whole life. He tried to attain the truth through the supervision of the Brahmin priests but he was disillusioned by the teachings of Hinduism. His self -mortification brought him closer to death instead of enlightenment (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008).He decided to take a new path in search of enlightenment. He dedicated his life in meditation as he sat under a fig tree known as the Bodhi tree or the tree of wisdom. Through this, he attained the highest degree of consciousness referred to as Nirvana. Siddharta surpass the challenges and temptations and attained enlightenment. He was known to have found the way to escape the cruel causality of samsara or the cycle of rebirths. He also discovered the Four Noble Truths or the wisdom of Realization.Siddharta Gautama was known as the â€Å"enlightened one† as he found the answers on various life’s questions and why there is the existence of pain and suffering (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008). One of the teachings of Buddhism is the samsara or the cycle of rebirths and the never-ending journey. It is described as the process of continuous birth, growing old, suffering and death (Buddhism Teacher, 2008). Samsara is a Sanskrit word for â€Å"journeying†. In Buddhism, as well as in other religions such as Hinduism and Jainism, samsara is defined as the cycle of birth, death and rebirth.Samsara is sometimes depicted as the opposite of Nirvana. However, in Mahayana school of Buddhism, Nirvana and Samsara are viewed as mental representations that a person appreciates the true nature of the world (O’Brien, 2009). Many people perceive samsara as a place, instead, it is a process to keep creating worlds and how people will move into the world. The worlds we create are associated with suffering from the date of our birth up to our adulthood (Bhikku, 2002). Samsara is the continuous life cycle of a person. It is believed that people are being born again as another person or entity.In India, some people are believed to be born in another caste or in another life situation. Samsara is also associated w ith Karma which is also another teaching in Buddhism wherein the life situation or the present existence of a person is based on the past life events. Karma explains to us the concept of cause and effect and helps us understand the idea of samsara. It explains to us in understanding interdependency, interconnectedness and unity (Buddhism Teacher, 2008). Karma is also taught in other religions like Hinduism that explains the punishment on the sins committed on the past life.It explains why some people are born in better life situations that the others. Some people believed that when they have done good in their present life, they will be rewarded in their future life. Buddhism is one of the religions that attempt to explain the worldly views and questions that concerns life’s sufferings and reincarnation. Buddhism incorporates the attainment of enlightenment or realization of the truth in life that will enable us to fully understand the ongoing events and our current life†™s situation.Buddhism relates to the people of various social classes who follow an esteemed and righteous path for spiritual wellness. References Background of Gautama and Buddhism. (2008). Let Us Reason Ministries. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Bhikku, T. (2002). Samsara. Esolibris. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Burns, M. G. (2009). Archangels Wisdom. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Buddhism Teacher. (2008). Samsara. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from O’Brien, B. (2009). Samsara. About. com. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from